High capacity and high rate batteries
Improved batteries described herein generally comprise an electrolyte having lithium ions and a cathode comprising submicron metal vanadium oxide particles. In some embodiments, the battery demonstrate an accessible current capacity of at least about 220 mAh/g when pulsed in groups of four constant energy pulses at a current density of 30 mA/cm 2 to deliver 50 Joules per pulse. The four pulses of a pulse train are separated by 15 seconds of rest between each pulse, and there are 6 days between pulse groups, upon discharge down to a pulse discharge voltage of 2 V. In further embodiments, the batteries have an average internal electrical resistance of no more than 0.2 Ohms at a current density of at least about 30 mA/cm 2 . Furthermore, the batteries can have a current capability of at least about 0.4 amps per cubic centimeter battery volume. Due to the improved discharge performance, the batteries can exhibit no significant voltage delay throughout the life of the battery as demonstrated in a three month accelerated discharge test.
1. A battery comprising an electrolyte having lithium ions and a cathode comprising metal vanadium oxide particles, the battery having an average internal electrical resistance of no more than 0.2 Ohms at a current density of at least about 30 mA/cm 2 .
2. The battery of claim 1 wherein the metal vanadium oxide particles comprise silver vanadium oxide.
3. The battery of claim 1 wherein the metal vanadium oxide particles have an average diameter less than about 1000 nm.
4. The battery of claim 1 wherein the metal vanadium oxide particles have an average diameter less than about 500 nm.
5. The battery of claim 1 having an average internal electrical resistance of no more than 0.17 Ohms at a current density of at least 30 mA/cm 2 .
6. The battery of claim 1 having an average internal electrical resistance of no more than 0 . 15 Ohms at a current density of at least 30 mA/cm 2 .
7. The battery of claim 1 having an internal electrical resistance of no more than 0.125 Ohms at 2.6V at a current density of at least 30 mA/cm 2 .
8. The battery of claim 1 wherein the anode comprises lithium metal.
9. The battery of claim 1 having a charging current to about 0.4 amps per cubic centimeter of battery volume.
10. The battery of claim 1 exhibiting no significant voltage delay throughout the life of the battery as demonstrated in a three month accelerated discharge test.
11. The battery of claim 1 having a volume from about 3 cubic centimeters to about 15 cubic centimeters.
12. An implantable medical device comprising a battery of claim 1 .