High-strength micro-alloy steel
View Patent ↗A process for enhancing precipitation strengthening in steel and for making a high-strength micro-alloy steel, and a steel made from the process. The process includes the step of deforming the steel containing a suitable precipitate strengthening substance, at a temperature at which the microstructure of the steel is essentially stable and at which those precipitation strengthening particles that form are of a desirable particle size for precipitation strengthening. Deforming the steel introduces dislocations in the crystal structure of the steel, which increases the kinetics of precipitation by increasing the number of precipitation nucleation sites and accelerating the rate of diffusion of the precipitate material. The steel may be deformed by bending or rolling the steel. Preferably the process also includes the step of cooling the steel at a rapid rate so as to minimize the formation of precipitate particles of a larger-than-desired size.
1. High-strength steel suitable for making line pipe and pressure vessels, the steel characterized by:
a) a steel composition comprising:
at least about 0.01 and no more than about 0.1% wt. carbon;
at least about 0.03 and no more than about 0.12% wt. niobium;
at least about 0.008 and no more than about 0.03% wt. titanium;
at least about 1.4 and no more than about 1.9% wt. manganese;
at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.5% wt. molybdenum;
a maximum phosphorus content of about 0.02% wt.;
a maximum sulfur content of about 0.015% wt.;
a maximum nitrogen content of about 0.015% wt.; and
the balance being iron (Fe) and incidental impurities;
b) a two phase microstructure having an increased dislocation density comprising about 30% polygonal ferrite and about 70% acicular ferrite with an average grain size of no more than about 5 μm; and
c) precipitates containing niobium with a precipitate particle size of no more than about 5 nm,
and further characterized by a process for producing the steel, which comprises:
d)heating the steel at a selected dissolving temperature to dissolve substantially all the niobium in the steel;
e) deforming the steel a first time while the steel is in the austenite region;
f) cooling the steel at an accelerated rate to a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C.; and
g) deforming the steel a second time, at a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C., to introduce dislocations in the crystal structure of the steel so as to increase the kinetics of precipitation, to, in turn, maximize the precipitation of the niobium particles to a particle size of no more than about 5 nm.
2. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the precipitate particle size is at least about 1 nm and no more than about 3 nm.
3. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the steel is characterized by the following physical properties:
a) a yield strength of at least about 85 ksi (586 MPa);
b) an impact absorbed energy of at least about 160 ft-lbs (217 J) at a temperature of minus 23+ C.; and
c) a ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of no more than about minus 60° C.
4. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the steel contains at least about 0.015 and no more than about 0.02% wt. titanium.
5. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the steel contains about 0.018% wt. titanium.
6. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur content of the steel is no more than about 0.01% wt.
7. The steel of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorus content of the steel is no more than about 0.018% wt.
8. High-strength steel suitable for making line pipe and pressure vessels, the steel characterized by:
a) a steel composition comprising:
at least about 0.01 and no more than about 0.1% wt. carbon;
at least about 0.03 and no more than about 0.15% wt. titanium;
at least about 1.0 and no more than about 1.9% wt. manganese;
at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.5% wt. molybdenum;
a maximum phosphorus content of about 0.02% wt.;
a maximum sulfur content of about 0.015% wt.;
a maximum nitrogen content of about 0.005% wt.; and
the balance being iron (Fe) and incidental impurities;
b) a two phase microstructure having an increased dislocation density comprising about 30% polygonal ferrite and about 70% acicular ferrite with an average grain size of no more than about 5 μm; and
c) precipitates containing titanium with a precipitate particle size of no more than about 5 nm,
and further characterized by a process for producing the steel, which comprises:
d)heating the steel at a selected dissolving temperature to dissolve substantially all the titanium in the steel;
e) deforming the steel a first time while the steel is in the austenite region;
f) cooling the steel at an accelerated rate to a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C.; and
g) deforming the steel a second time, at a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C. to introduce dislocations in the crystal structure of the steel so as to increase the kinetics of precipitation, to, in turn, maximize the precipitation of the titanium particles to a particle size of no more than about 5 nm.
9. The steel of claim 8 , wherein the sulfur content of the steel is no more than about 0.01% wt.
10. The steel of claim 8 , wherein the phosphorus content of the steel is no more than about 0.018% wt.
11. High-strength steel suitable for making line pipe and pressure vessels, the steel characterized by:
a) a steel composition comprising:
at least about 0.01 and no more than about 0.1% wt. carbon;
at least about 0.03 and no more than about 0.15% wt. titanium, and a maximum niobium content of about 0.12% wt., such that the total combined amount of titanium and niobium is at least about 0.03 and no more than about 0.2% wt.;
at least about 1.0 and no more than about 1.9% wt. manganese;
at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.5% wt. molybdenum;
a maximum phosphorus content of about 0.02% wt.;
a maximum sulfur content of about 0.015% wt.;
a maximum nitrogen content of about 0.005% wt.; and
the balance being iron (Fe) and incidental impurities;
b) a two phase microstructure having an increased dislocation density comprising about 30% polygonal ferrite and about 70% acicular ferrite with an average grain size of no more than about 5 μm; and
c) precipitates containing niobium and/or titanium with a precipitate particle size of no more than about 5 nm,
and further characterized by a process for producing the steel, which comprises:
d) heating the steel at a selected dissolving temperature to dissolve substantially all the niobium and/or titanium in the steel;
e) deforming the steel a first time while the steel is in the austenite region;
f) cooling the steel at an accelerated rate to a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C.; and
g) deforming the steel a second time, at a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C., to introduce dislocations in the crystal structure of the steel so as to increase the kinetics of precipitation, to, in turn, maximize the precipitation of the titanium and/or niobium particles to a particle size of no more than about 5 nm.
12. The steel of claim 11 , wherein the sulfur content of the steel is no more than about 0.01% wt.
13. The steel of claim 11 , wherein the phosphorus content of the steel is no more than about 0.018% wt.
14. High-strength steel suitable for making line pipe and pressure vessels, the steel characterized by:
a) a steel composition comprising:
at least about 0.01 and no more than about 0.1% wt. carbon;
a maximum niobium content of about 0.12% wt. and a maximum vanadium content of about 0.12% wt., such that the total combined amount of niobium and vanadium is at least about 0.03% wt. and no more than about 0.2% wt.;
at least about 0.008 and no more than about 0.03% wt. titanium;
at least about 1.0 and no more than about 1.9% wt. manganese;
at least about 0.1 and no more than about 0.5% wt. molybdenum;
a maximum phosphorus content of about 0.02% wt.;
a maximum sulfur content of about 0.015% wt.;
a maximum nitrogen content of about 0.015% wt.; and
the balance being iron (Fe) and incidental impurities;
b) a two phase microstructure having an increased dislocation density comprising about 30% polygonal ferrite and about 70% acicular ferrite with an average grain size of no more than about 5 μm; and
c) precipitates containing niobium and/or vanadium with a precipitate particle size of no more than about 5 nm,
and further characterized by a process for producing the steel, which comprises:
d) heating the steel at a selected dissolving temperature to dissolve substantially all the niobium and/or vanadium in the steel;
e) deforming the steel a first time while the steel is in the austenite region;
f) cooling the steel at an accelerated rate to a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C. and
g) deforming the steel a second time, at a temperature of about 350° C. to about 450° C. to introduce dislocations in the crystal structure of the steel so as to increase the kinetics of precipitation, to, in turn, maximize the precipitation of the niobium and/or vanadium particles to a particle size of no more than about 5 nm.
15. The steel of claim 14 , wherein the sulfur content of the steel is no more than about 0.01% wt.
16. The steel of claim 14 , wherein the phosphorus content of the steel is no more than about 0.018% wt.