Lactoferrin in the reduction of circulating cholesterol, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
The present invention relates to methods of using lactoferrin (LF) to reduce circulating levels of cholesterol and vascular inflammation, in order to treat, prevent or reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
1. A method of treating atherosclerosis or vascular inflammation comprising: orally administering to a subject an effective amount of lactoferrin; and administering an antacid in conjunction with said lactoferrin.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces levels of circulating total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), or triglycerides in said subject.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin increases the levels of circulating high density lipoproteins (HDL) in said subject.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces the levels of vascular inflammation in said subject.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) in said subject.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in said subject.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces vascular spasm or vascular hyper-reactivity in said subject.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin promotes endothelial integrity or healing in said subject.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin is dispersed in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin is mammalian lactoferrin.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said lactoferrin is human or bovine.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin is recombinant lactoferrin.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising administering the lactoferrin in a delayed release formulation.
14. The method of claim 13 where the lactoferrin release occurs in the small intestine.
15. The method of claim 13 where the lactoferrin release occurs in the large intestine.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the lactoferrin that is administered is about 1 ng to about 20 g per day.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the lactoferrin that is administered is about 0.1 g to about 5 g per day.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lactoferrin reduces the production or activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
19. The method of claim 1 , further comprising administering a lactoferrin in combination with an anti-cholesterol agent or an anti-inflammatory agent.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the anti-cholesterol agent is selected from the group consisting of cholesterol absorption inhibitors, bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, fibric acids and HMG-coA reductase inhibitors.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the bile acid sequestrants are selected from the group consisting of cholestryramine, cholestipol and colesevalam.
22. The method of claim 20 , wherein the fibric acids are selected from the group consisting of gemfibrozil, fenofibrate and clofibrate.
23. The method of claim 20 , wherein the HMG-coA reductase inhibitors are selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin and cerivastatin.