Implantable marker with a leadless signal transmitter compatible for use in magnetic resonance devices
A leadless marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient. In one embodiment, the marker includes a casing, a resonating circuit, and a ferromagnetic element. The casing is configured to be positioned at a selected location relative to a target site in the patient; the casing, for example, can be configured to be permanently or semi-permanently implanted into the patient. The resonating circuit has an inductor within the casing comprising a plurality of windings of a conductor, but it does not have external electrical lead lines extending through the casing. The ferromagnetic element is at least partially within the inductor. The ferromagnetic element has a volume such that when the marker is in an imaging magnetic field having a field strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m, then the force exerted on the marker by the imaging magnetic field is not greater than gravitational force exerted on the marker.
1. A marker for localizing a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic element and a plurality of windings around the ferromagnetic element for producing a magnetic field having a magnetic centroid; and
a casing around the ferromagnetic element and the windings, the casing being configured to be positioned relative to a target of the patient, and an element including a radiographic element of the marker having a radiographic centroid within the casing and substantially coincident with the magnetic centroid.
2. The marker of claim 1 wherein the ferromagnetic element and the windings define the magnetic centroid.
3. The marker of claim 1 wherein the radiographic element further comprises a capacitor electrically connected to the windings.
4. The marker of claim 1 further comprising:
the radiographic element having a capacitor electrically connected to the windings; and
the element further including a module having similar radiographic characteristics as the capacitor in a radiographic image.
5. The marker of claim 4 wherein the capacitor is located at one end of the ferromagnetic element and the module is located at another end of the ferromagnetic element.
6. The marker of claim 5 wherein the capacitor and the module have the same characteristics in X-ray images.
7. The marker of claim 5 wherein the capacitor and the module have the same characteristics in CT images.
8. The marker of claim 5 wherein the capacitor and the module are symmetrical relative the radiographic centroid.
9. The marker of claim 5 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.5 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
10. A marker for localizing a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic element;
a plurality of windings around the ferromagnetic element for producing a resonating magnetic field having a magnetic centroid; and
an element at a location relative to the ferromagnetic element, wherein the element is arranged so that a radiographic element of the marker has a radiographic centroid substantially coincident with the magnetic centroid.
11. The marker of claim 10 further comprising the radiographic element having a capacitor electrically connected to the windings, wherein the element comprises a module having similar radiographic characteristics as the capacitor.
12. The marker of claim 10 further comprising the radiographic element having a capacitor electrically connected to the windings and located at one end of the ferromagnetic element, and the element comprises a module having similar radiographic characteristics as the capacitor and located at another end of the ferromagnetic element.
13. The marker of claim 12 wherein the capacitor and the module are symmetrical relative to the radiographic centroid.
14. The marker of claim 10 wherein:
the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter not greater than approximately 0.7 mm; and
the marker further comprises a casing around the ferromagnetic element and the windings that has an outer diameter not greater than approximately 2 mm.
15. The marker of claim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.5 mm and a length of approximately 2 mm-12 mm.
16. The marker of claim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a volume of approximately 0.5 mm 3 -19.0 mm 3 .
17. The marker of claim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod, and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 1500 mm 2 in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
18. The marker of claim 10 wherein the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod, and the volume of the rod is less than a volume of ferrite that produces an artifact of 400 mm 2 -1200 mm 2 in an image produced by a resonating magnetic field of approximately 1.5 T.
19. The marker of claim 10 wherein (a) the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.6 mm, (b) the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.2 mm-0.8 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm, and (c) the marker further comprises a casing around the ferromagnetic element and the windings that has an outer diameter of approximately 1.5 mm-2.5 mm.
20. The marker of claim 10 wherein;
the ferromagnetic element comprises a ferrite rod having a diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.5 mm;
the windings comprise a coil having an inner diameter of approximately 0.3 mm-0.6 mm and an outer diameter of approximately 1.2 mm-1.9 mm; and
the marker further comprises a casing around the ferromagnetic element and the windings that has an outer diameter of approximately 2 mm.
21. A marker for localizing the position of a target within a patient, comprising:
a ferromagnetic element, wherein the ferromagnetic element has a volume such that when the marker is in an imaging magnetic field having a strength of 1.5 T and a gradient of 3 T/m, then the force exerted on the marker by the imaging magnetic field is not greater than gravitational force exerted on the marker;
a plurality of windings around the ferromagnetic element for producing a resonating magnetic field having a magnetic centroid; and
a casing around the ferromagnetic element and the windings, the casing being configured to be positioned relative to a target of the patient, and an element including a radiographic element of the marker having a radiographic centroid within the casing and substantially coincident with the magnetic centroid.
22. The marker of claim 21 wherein the ferromagnetic element and the windings define the radiographic centroid.
23. The marker of claim 21 further comprising the radiographic element having a capacitor electrically connected to the windings.
24. The marker of claim 21 further comprising:
the radiographic element having a capacitor electrically connected to the windings; and
the element including a module having similar radiographic characteristics as the capacitor in a radiographic image.
25. The marker of claim 24 wherein the capacitor is located at one end of the ferromagnetic element and the module is located at another end of the ferromagnetic element.
26. The marker of claim 25 wherein the capacitor and the module have the same characteristics in X-ray images.
27. The marker of claim 25 wherein the capacitor and the module have the same characteristics in CT images.
28. The marker of claim 25 wherein the capacitor and the module are symmetrical relative to the radiographic centroid.
29. A method of localizing a target of a patient, comprising:
imaging a radiographic element of a marker implanted in the patient using a radiographic imaging modality, the marker having an element at a location relative to a ferromagnetic core, the ferromagnetic core has a plurality of windings around the core capable of producing a resonating magnetic field having a magnetic centroid, and wherein the element is arranged so that the radiographic element of the marker further has a radiographic centroid configured to be within a casing and substantially coincident with the magnetic centroid;
generating a magnetic excitation field that causes the marker to produce the resonating magnetic field; and
sensing the resonating magnetic field to locate the marker.