This invention is directed to lipoxin A 4 analogs of the following formula (II): wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are described herein. These analogs are useful in treating inflammatory and autoimmune disorders in humans. These analogs are also useful in treating pulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in humans.
1. A compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclical heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 14 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 ,—R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 or —C(O)OR 7 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 ;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene.
3. The compound of claim 2 wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently halo, —OR 6 , or —SR 6 ;
R 4 is —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 9 is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
R 10 is an straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 11 is —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 .
4. The compound of claim 3 wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each —OR 6 ;
R 4 is —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 9 is a direct bond;
R 10 is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and
R 11 is —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 .
5. The compound of claim 4 selected from the group consisting of:
(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid, methyl ester;
(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid;
(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid, methyl ester; and
(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid.
6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(s) and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 14 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
7. A method of treating an inflammatory or autoimmune disorder in a mammal, wherein the method comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 4 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the mammal is a human.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disorder is selected from the group consisting of:
allergic contact dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chemical and non-specific irritant contact dermatitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, acute and chronic organ transplant rejection, transplant arteriosclerosis and fibrosis, hypertension, atherosclerosis, aneurysm, critical leg ischemia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease, Reynaud's syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, delayed neurodegeneration in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, benign prostatic hyperplasia, leukemia, lymphoma, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, renal carcinoma, head and neck tumors and colorectal cancer.
10. A method of treating pulmonary or respiratory tract inflammation in a mammal, wherein the method comprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2 ) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 14 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the mammal is a human.
12. The method of claim 7 wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disorder is selected from the group consisting of:
septic or endotoxic shock, hemorrhagic shock, shock-like syndromes, capillary leak syndrome induced by cancer immunotherapy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, traumatic shock, immune- and pathogen-induced pneumonias, immune-complex-mediated pulmonary injury, immune-complex-mediated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, acute renal failure, ischemic bowel disease, immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, ocular disorders, HIV dementia, encephalitis, inflammatory and neuropathic pain, periodontal disease, and ear infections.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the inflammatory or autoimmune disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease selected from the group consisting of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and gastrointestinal ulcers.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease.
15. A method of inhibiting acute or chronic inflammation in a mammal, wherein the method comprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2 ) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 14 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. A method of inhibiting an inflammatory or autoimmune response in a mammal, wherein the method comprises adminstering to the mammal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (II):
wherein:
each R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently halo, —OR 6 , —SR 6 , —S(O) t R 7 (where t is 1 or 2) or —N(R 7 )R 8 ;
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form a monocyclic heterocyclic structure selected from the following:
or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are attached form the following bicyclic heterocyclic structure:
(where q is 0 to 3, p is 1 to 4 and each R 15 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl or aryl);
each R 4 is —R 9 —R 12 , —R 9 —R 13 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —O—R 12 , —R 9 —C(O)—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —N(R 7 )—R 10 —R 11 , —R 9 —S(O) t —R 10 —R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or —R 9 —C(F) 2 —R 9 —R 11 ;
each R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(S)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , —C(S)OR 14 , —C(O)N(R 7 )R 8 , or —C(S)N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, —C(O)R 7 , —C(O)OR 14 , or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —N(R 7 ) 2 , and —C(O)OR 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently —C(O)OR 7 , —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 , —P(O)(OR 7 ) 2 , —S(O) 2 OR 7 , —S(O) 2 N(H)R 7 or tetrazole;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by —C(O)OR 7 or —C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, haloalkyl and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 14 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl;
as a single stereoisomer, a mixture of stereoisomers, a racemic mixture of stereoisomers; or as a cyclodextrin clathrate thereof, or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 wherein the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (II) wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently halo, -OR 6 , -SR 6 or -N(R 7 )R 8 ;
each R 4 is -R 9 -R 12 , -R 9 -R 13 -R 11 , -R 9 -O-R 12 , -R 9 -C(O)-R 10 -R 11 , -R 9 -N(R 7 )-R 10 -R 11 , -R 9 -S(O) t -R 10 -R 11 (where t is 0 to 2), or -R 9 -C(F) 2 -R 9 -R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, -C(O)R 7 or -C(O)OR 7 ;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 8 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with one more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, -N(R 7 ) 2 , and -C(O) 0 R 7 );
each R 9 is independently a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
each R 10 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene;
each R 11 is independently -C(O)OR 7 or -C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 ;
R 12 is aryl (substituted by -C(O)OR 7 or -C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (substituted by -C(O)OR 7 or -C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 and optionally by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo and haloalkoxy);
R 13 is a branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain or a cycloalkylene.
18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17 wherein the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (II) wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently halo, -OR 6 , or -SR 6 ;
R 4 is -R 9 -O-R 10 -R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy) or aralkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
each R 6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 9 is a direct bond or a straight or branched alkylene chain;
R 10 is an straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, a straight or branched alkynylene chain or a cycloalkylene; and
R 11 is -C(O)OR 7 or -C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 .
19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 18 wherein the compound of formula (II) is a compound of formula (II) wherein:
R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each -OR 6 ;
R 4 is -R 9 -O-R 10 -R 11 ;
R 5 is aryl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halo, and haloalkoxy);
R 6 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
each R 7 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
R 9 is a direct bond;
R 10 is a straight or branched alkylene chain, a straight or branched alkenylene chain, or a straight or branched alkynylene chain; and
R 11 is -C(O)OR 7 or -C(O)N(R 7 ) 2 .
20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 wherein the compound of formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:
(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid, methyl ester;
(5S,6R,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid;
(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid, methyl ester; and
(5S,6S,7E,9E,13E,15S)-16-(4-fluorophenoxy)-5,6,15-trihydroxy-3-oxahexadeca-7,9,13-trien-11-ynoic acid.