Transnasal microemulsions containing diazepam
Diazepam is administered intranasally in the form of specific microemulsions having advantageous properties. The microemulsions are comprised of about equal quantities of a fatty acid and water with the remainder being a hydrophilic surfactant, a polar solvent and an alcohol in a weight ratio such that alcohol is present in a greater quantity by weight than either of the other two. Nasal administration of the subject microemulsions produces a high plasma concentration of diazepam nearly as fast as intravenous administration. The present microemulsions are particularly suitable for a prompt and timely treatment of patients in the acute and/or emergency treatment of status epilepticus and other fever-induced seizures.
1 . A microemulsion for the transnasal administration of diazepam comprising an emulsion vehicle containing water, a fatty acid ester, a hydrophilic surfactant, a polar solvent and an alcohol, wherein the fatty acid and the water are present in the vehicle in about equal amounts and wherein the alcohol is present in an amount greater than either one of the hydophilic surfactant and the polar solvent.
2 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid ester is selected from the group consisting of ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, propyl isobutylate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myrisate, and combinations thereof.
3 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, Tween 20, 40, 60 and combinations thereof.
4 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and combinations thereof.
5 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 4 , wherein the polyethylene glycol is selected from the group consisting PEG 300, PEG 400 PEG 600 and combinations thereof.
6 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the alcohol is selected from a group consisting of ethanol, isopropanol and combinations thereof.
7 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid ester and the water each comprise not less than 10 percent by weight of the vehicle.
8 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid ester and the water each comprise from about 10 to about 25 percent by weight of the vehicle.
9 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the fatty acid ester and the water each comprise about 15 percent by weight of the vehicle.
10 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , containing about 20 weight percent of said hyrophilic surfactant and the weight ratio of the hydophilic surfactant:polar solvent:alcohol is about 1.0:1.0:1.5.
11 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 1 , wherein the emulsion vehicle contains ethyl laurate, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, ethanol and water wherein each of ethyl laurate and water comprise 15 percent by weight of the vehicle, and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is such that the proportion of alcohol is greater than either of the other two.
12 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 11 , containing about 23.3 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:0.86:1.15.
13 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 11 , containing about 23.3 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:0.72:1.29.
14 . A microemulsion in accordance with claim 11 , containing about 20 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:1.0:1.5.
15 . In a method of administering diazepam to a patient in need thereof via transnasal administration, the improvement wherein diazepam is administered in a microemulsion vehicle in accordance with claim 1 .
16 . A method in accordance with claim 15 , wherein the fatty acid ester and the water each comprise from about 10 to about 25 percent by weight of the vehicle.
17 . A method in accordance with claim 15 , wherein the fatty acid ester and the water each comprise from about 10 to about 25 percent by weight of the vehicle.
18 . A method in accordance with claim 15 , wherein the fatty acid ester is selected from the group consisting of ethyl laurate, ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl linoleate, propyl isobutylate, isopropyl laurate, isopropyl myrisate, and combinations thereof; the hydrophilic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, Tween 20, 40, 60 and combinations thereof; the polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and combinations thereof; the polyethylene glycol is selected from the group consisting PEG 300, PEG 400 PEG 600 and combinations thereof; and the alcohol is selected from a group consisting of ethanol, isopropanol and combinations thereof.
19 . A method in accordance with claim 18 , wherein the emulsion vehicle contains ethyl laurate, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, ethanol and water wherein each of ethyl laurate and water comprise 15 percent by weight of the vehicle, and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is such that the proportion of alcohol is greater than either of the other two.
20 . A method in accordance with claim 18 , wherein the emulsion vehicle contains about 23.3 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:0.86:1.15.
21 . A method in accordance with claim 18 , wherein the emulsion vehicle contains about 23.3 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:0.72:1.29.
22 . A method in accordance with claim 18 , wherein the emulsion vehicle contains about 20 weight percent of polysorbate 80 and the weight ratio of polysorbate 80, propylene glycol and ethanol is 1.0:1.0:1.5.