Methods and compositions for treating amyloid-related diseases

1. A compound of Formula I:

wherein:

R 1 is an unsubstituted indolyl or substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydronaphthyl;

R 2 is selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzoimidazolyl;

Y is SO 3 − X + or SSO 3 − X + ;

X + is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester forming moiety; and

L 1 is independently an unsubstituted C 1 -C 5 alkyl group or absent;

L 2 is a unsubstituted C 3 alkyl group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.

2. A compound of Formula II:

wherein:

R 1 is an unsubstituted indolyl or substituted or unsubstituted tetrahydronaphthyl;

R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, or linked to R 1 to form a heterocycle;

Y is SO 3 − X + ;

X + is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester forming moiety;

m is 0 or 1;

n is 1, 2, or 3;

L is an unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl group or absent,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

3. The compound of claim 1 or 2 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen.

4. The compound of claim 1 or 2 , wherein R 1 is indolyl.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L 1 is CH 2 CH 2 .

6. The compound of claim 1 or 2 , wherein R 1 is tetrahydronaphthyl.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L 1 is absent.

8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein said compound is:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, or esters thereof.

9. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount or a compound of claim 1 .

10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human.

11. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the compound is administered orally.

12. The method according to claim 9 , wherein said compound is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

14. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 40 years old.

15. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 50 years old.

16. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 60 years old.

17. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 70 years old.

18. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 80 years old.

19. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a human over 85 years old.

20. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a female human.

21. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a postmenopausal female human.

22. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is on hormone replacement therapy.

23. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject is a male human.

24. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject has familial, sporadic, or idiopathic Alzheimer's disease.

25. The method of claim 9 , wherein said subject's brain has amyloid-β.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 , wherein said pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, base, buffering agent, inorganic salt, solvent, or preservative.

27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 , wherein said compound is dissolved in a liquid pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13 , wherein said compound is present as a homogenous mixture in a capsule or pill.

29. The compound of claim 1 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

30. A compound of Formula II:

wherein:

R 1 is a substituted or unsubstituted bicyclic ring group;

R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl, or linked to R 1 to form a heterocycle;

Y is OSO 3 − X + or SSO 3 − X + ;

X + is hydrogen, a cationic group, or an ester forming moiety;

m is 0 or 1;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

L is substituted or unsubstituted C 1 -C 3 alkyl group or absent,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or prodrug thereof.

31. The compound of claim 30 , wherein R 2 is hydrogen.

32. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said bicyclic ring group is indolyl.

33. The compound of claim 30 , wherein L is CH 2 CH 2 .

34. The compound of claim 30 , wherein R 1 is tetrahydronaphthyl.

35. The compound claim 30 , wherein L is absent.

36. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

37. The compound of claim 1 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

38. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

39. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

40. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

41. The compound of claim 30 , wherein said compound is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, or ester thereof.

42. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim 2 .

43. The method according to claim 42 , wherein said subject is a human.

44. The method according to claim 42 , wherein the compound is administered orally.

45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

46. A method of treating Alzheimer's disease in a subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim 30 .

47. The method according to claim 46 , wherein said subject is a human.

48. The method according to claim 46 , wherein the compound is administered orally.

49. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 30 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

50. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, or esters thereof.