Precise oxygen to carbon ratio control in oxidation reformers
An autothermal reformer or a catalytic partial oxidizer ( 19 ) receives flow of desulfurized hydrocarbon fuel from a hydrogen desulfurizer (HDS) ( 15 ) through an orifice ( 13 a ). A differential pressure transducer ( 13 b) provides a signal ( 24 a ) to a fuel-flow differential-pressure schedule ( 13 c ) to provide a fuel flow signal ( 24 b ) which is ( 25 ) subtracted from fuel command ( 26 ), to provide a valve position signal 30 a from a proportional/integral gain ( 29 ), being linearized ( 58 ) to control the fuel valve ( 12 ). The minimum ( 59 ) of actual fuel flow ( 24 b ) and fuel flow command ( 59 ) is applied to an air/fuel schedule ( 33 ). The resulting air flow command is compared with actual air flow ( 41 b ) to provide an air flow control signal 48 a which is linearized ( 60 ) after proportional/integral gain ( 47 ) to provide air flow command ( 48 b ) to a blower ( 49 ). Differential pressure ( 42 b ) across an orifice ( 42 a ) is provided to a schedule ( 42 c ) which converts to the actual air flow feedback ( 41 b ). A laminar flow restriction ( 42 b ) may be warmed by a CPO ( 19 ).
1 . A system for producing hydrogen-containing reformate from hydrocarbon fuel, comprising:
a source of hydrocarbon fuel;
a reformer selected from (a) a catalytic partial oxidizer (CPO) and (b) an autothermal reformer (ATR);
a hydrogen desulfurizer (HDS) receiving fuel from said source and providing reduced-sulfur fuel to said reformer;
a first gas valve in which the flow of gas therethrough is a non-linear function of the position of said valve, for controlling the amount of fuel flowing through said HDS;
a fuel flow sensor including a differential pressure transducer for providing a fuel pressure signal indicative of the difference in pressure either (a) across a flow restraint selected from (i) a venturi, (ii) an orifice, and (iii) a laminar restriction, or (b) across said HDS, and a schedule responsive to said fuel pressure signal to provide an actual fuel flow signal indicative of the flow of fuel into said reformer;
a first function responsive to said actual fuel flow signal and at least a fuel flow command signal to provide, to said first gas valve, a fuel valve control signal in response to which said valve will attain a position that provides flow of fuel which is a linear function of said fuel flow control signal;
a source of air;
an air flow controller selected from (c) a blower and (d) a second gas valve interconnected between said source of air and said reformer;
an air flow schedule responsive to the lesser of said fuel flow command signal and said actual fuel flow signal to provide an air flow control signal;
an air flow sensor including a differential pressure transducer for providing an air pressure signal indicative of the difference in pressure across an insulated flow restraint selected from (iv) a venturi, (v) an orifice, and (vi) a laminar restriction and disposed integrally with an air inlet of said reformer so as to be in close thermal communication therewith, and a schedule responsive to said air pressure signal to provide an air flow signal indicative of the flow of air into said reformer; and
a second function which is either (e) associated with said blower and responsive to said air flow control signal to provide to said blower a blower control signal in response to which said blower provides flow of air which is a linear function of said air flow control signal, or (f) associated with said valve and responsive to said air flow control signal to provide to said valve a valve control signal in response to which said valve provides a flow of air which is a linear function of said air flow control signal.
2 . A linear gas flow control apparatus, comprising:
a flow controller selected from (a) a blower in which the flow of gas therethrough is a non-linear function of the speed of said blower, and (b) a valve in which the flow of gas therethrough is a non-linear function of the position of said valve;
a gas flow control signal:
a function which is either (c) associated with said blower and responsive to said gas flow control signal to provide to said blower a blower control signal in response to which said blower provides flow of gas which is a linear function of said gas flow control signal, or (d) associated with said valve and responsive to said gas flow control signal to provide to said valve a valve control signal in response to which said valve provides a flow of gas which is a linear function of said gas flow control signal.
3 . A fuel flow sensor for sensing the flow of fuel into an inlet of a hydrocarbon fuel reformer, comprising:
a hydrocarbon fuel reformer;
a hydrogen desulfurizer (HDS) providing reduced-sulfur fuel to said reformer;
a differential pressure transducer for providing a pressure signal indicative of the difference in pressure either (a) across a restraint selected from (i) a venturi, (ii) an orifice, and (iii) a laminar flow restriction transmitting fuel from said HDS to said reformer, or (b) across said HDS: and
a schedule responsive to said pressure signal to provide an actual fuel flow signal indicative of the flow of fuel into said reformer.
4 . A fuel flow sensor for sensing the flow of fuel into a fuel inlet of a hydrocarbon fuel reformer, comprising:
a hydrocarbon fuel reformer;
a flow restraint, selected from (i) a venturi, (ii) an orifice and (iii) a laminar flow restriction;
a differential pressure transducer for providing a pressure signal indicative of pressure across said flow restraint; and
a schedule responsive to said pressure signal to provide a fuel flow signal indicative of the flow of fuel into said reformer.
5 . An air flow sensor for sensing the flow of air into an air inlet of a hydrocarbon fuel reformer, comprising:
a hydrocarbon fuel reformer;
a flow restraint, selected from (i) a venturi, (ii an orifice and (iii) a laminar flow restriction, and disposed integrally with an inlet of said reformer so as to be in close thermal communication therewith;
thermal insulation surrounding said flow restraint;
a differential pressure transducer for providing a pressure signal indicative of pressure across said flow restraint; and
a schedule responsive to said pressure signal to provide an air flow signal indicative of the flow of air into said reformer.
6 . A system for producing hydrogen-containing reformate from hydrocarbon fuel, comprising:
a source of hydrocarbon fuel;
a reformer selected from (a) a catalytic partial oxidizer (CPO) and (b) an autothermal reformer (ATR);
a hydrogen desulfurizer (HDS) receiving fuel from said source and providing reduced-sulfur fuel to said reformer;
a first gas valve for controlling the amount of fuel flowing through said HDS;
a fuel flow sensor to provide an actual fuel flow signal indicative of the flow of fuel into said reformer;
a first function responsive to said actual fuel flow signal and at least a fuel flow command signal to provide, to said first gas valve, a valve position signal in response to which said valve will attain a position that provides flow of fuel which is a function of said valve position signal;
a source of air;
an air flow controller, selected from (c) a blower and (d) a second gas valve, interconnected between said source of air and said CPO;
an air flow schedule responsive to the lesser of (e) said fuel flow command signal and (f) said actual fuel flow signal to provide an air flow control signal;
an air flow sensor providing an air flow signal indicative of the flow of air to said reformer; and
a second function responsive to said air flow control signal and said air flow signal to provide to said air flow controller, an air flow control signal in response to which said air flow controller provides flow of air which is a function of said air flow control signal.