Methods and agents for screening for compounds capable of modulating gene expression

1. A method of screening candidate compounds having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole for a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole that modulates mature human target mRNA untranslated region (UTR)-regulated translation, comprising:

(a) contacting a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole with a first human cell engineered to express a first reporter polypeptide translated from a first RNA transcript comprising a first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a first full-length 5′ UTR and a first full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the first 5′ UTR and the first 3′ UTR are each from the mature human target mRNA and the first 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the first UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence, wherein the first reporter gene coding sequence is not the human target mRNA; and

(b) contacting the compound with a second human cell engineered to express a second reporter polypeptide translated from a second RNA transcript comprising the first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a second full-length UTR and a second full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the second 5′ UTR and the second 3′ UTR are each from a mRNA different from the mature human target mRNA and the second 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the second 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence; and

(c) detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides, wherein: (i) an alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, and (ii) no alteration in the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, indicates that the compound modulates mature human target mRNA UTR-regulated translation.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second human cells are each from a human cell line.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein each human cell line is a 293 or HeLa cell line.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second human cells are engineered to stably express the first and second reporter polypeptides, respectively.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are luciferase.

6. A method of screening candidate compounds having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole for a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole that modulates mature human target mRNA untranslated region-regulated translation, comprising:

(a) contacting a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole with a composition comprising a lysate or translation extract and a first RNA transcript comprising a first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a first full-length 5′ UTR and a first full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the first 5′ UTR and the first 3′ UTR are each from the mature human target mRNA and the first 5′ UTR is upstream of the reporter gene coding sequence and the first 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence, wherein the first reporter gene coding sequence is not the human target mRNA; and

(b) contacting the compound with a composition comprising a lysate or translation extract and a second RNA transcript comprising the first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a second full-length 5′-UTR and a second full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the second 5′ UTR and the second 3′ UTR are each from a mRNA different from the mature human target mRNA, and the second 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the second 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence; and

(c) detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides translated from the first and second RNA transcripts, respectively, wherein: (i) an alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, and (ii) no alteration in the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the second reporter poly peptide in the absence of the compound, indicates that the compound modulates mature human target mRNA UTR-regulated.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are green fluorescent protein, neomycin phosphotransferase II, or an antibiotic resistance sequence.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are green fluorescent protein, neomycin phosphotransferase II, or an antibiotic resistance sequence.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are luciferase.

10. A method of screening candidate compounds having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole for a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole that inhibits mature human target mRNA untranslated region (UTR)-regulated translation, comprising:

(a) contacting a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole with a first human cell engineered to express a first reporter polypeptide translated from a first RNA transcript comprising a first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a first full-length 5′ UTR and a first full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the first 5′ UTR and the first 3′ UTR are each from the mature human target mRNA and the first 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the first 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence, wherein the first reporter gene coding sequence is not the human target mRNA; and

(b) contacting the compound with a second human cell engineered to express a second reporter polypeptide translated from a second RNA transcript comprising the first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a second full-length 5′ UTR and a second full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the second 5′ UTR and the second 3′ UTR are each from a mRNA different from the mature human target mRNA and the second 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the second 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence; and

(c) detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides, wherein: (i) a decrease in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, and (ii) no alteration in the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, indicates that the compound inhibits human target mRNA UTR-regulated translation.

11. A method of screening candidate compounds having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole for a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole that modulates mature human target mRNA untranslated (UTR)-regulated translation, comprising:

(a) contacting a compound having a molecular weight less than 1.000 grams per mole with a first human cell engineered to express a first reporter polypeptide translated from a first RNA transcript comprising a first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a first full-length 5′ UTR and a first full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the first 5′ UTR and the first 3′ UTR are each from the mature human target mRNA and the first 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the first 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence, wherein the first reporter gene coding sequence is not the human target mRNA;

(b) contacting the compound with a second human cell engineered to express a second reporter polypeptide translated from a second RNA transcript comprising the first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a second full-length 5′ UTR and a second full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the second 5′ UTR and the second 3′ UTR are each from a mRNA different from the mature human target mRNA and the second 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the second 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence;

(c) contacting the first and second human cells with puromycin; and

(d) detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides in the presence of the compound and detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides in the presence of puromycin, wherein: (i) an alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, (ii) no alteration in the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, and (iii) no alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of puromycin relative to the level of expression of the second reporter protein in the presence of puromycin indicates that the compound modulates human target mRNA UTR-regulated translation.

12. A method of screening candidate compounds having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole for a compound having a molecular weight less than 1,000 grams per mole that modulates mature human target mRNA untranslated region (UTR)-regulated translation, comprising:

(a) contacting a compound having a molecular weight less than 1.000 grams per mole with a first composition comprising a lysate or translation extract and a first RNA transcript comprising a first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a first full-length 5′ UTR and a first full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the first 5′ UTR and the first 3′ UTR are each from the mature human target mRNA and the first 5′ UTR is upstream of the reporter gene coding sequence and the first 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence, wherein the first reporter gene coding sequence is not the human target mRNA;

(b) contacting the compound with a second composition comprising a lysate or translation extract and a second RNA transcript comprising the first reporter gene coding sequence operably linked to a second full-length 5′-UTR and a second full-length 3′ UTR, wherein the second 5′ UTR and the second 3′ UTR are each from a mRNA different from the mature human target mRNA, and the second 5′ UTR is upstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence and the second 3′ UTR is downstream of the first reporter gene coding sequence;

(c) contacting the first and second compositions with puromycin; and

(d) detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides translated from the first and second RNA transcripts, respectively, in the presence of the compound and detecting the level of expression of the first and second reporter polypeptides translated from the first and second RNA transcripts, respectively, in the presence of puromycin wherein: (i) an alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, (ii) no alteration in the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the presence of the compound relative to the level of expression of the second reporter polypeptide in the absence of the compound, and (iii) no alteration in the level of expression of the first reporter polypeptide in the presence of puromycin relative to the level of expression of the second reporter protein in the presence of puromycin indicates that the compound modulates human target mRNA UTR-regulated translation.

13. The method of claim 10 or 11 , wherein the first and second human cells are each from a human cell line.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein each human cell line is a 293 or HeLa cell line.

15. The method of claim 10 or 11 , wherein the first and second human cells are engineered to stably express the first and second reporter polypeptides.

16. The method of claim 10 , 11 , or 12 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are luciferase.

17. The method of claim 10 , 11 , or 12 , wherein the first and second reporter polypeptides are green fluorescent protein, neomycin phosphotransferase II, or an antibiotic resistance sequence.