Methods and apparatus for producing carbon cathodes

1. A method of fabricating a cathode, comprising:

emitting a sequence of individual droplets of an electrode coating fluid onto a portion of a titanium substrate from at least one orifice of a piezoelectrically controlled valve, wherein the electrode coating fluid comprises a suspension of graphite powder in a carrier liquid to form a deposited carbon coating on the titanium substrate; and

converting the entire deposited carbon coating to a single layer of activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate.

2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein emitting a sequence of individual droplets includes emitting of a series of individual droplets of a coating fluid by a plurality of micro-dosing valves emitting individual droplets onto a portion of a titanium substrate.

3. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:

reciprocating the valve in proximity with the substrate during emitting a sequence of individual droplets.

4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the activated titanium carbide layer has a depth of about 0.5 micrometers to about 5 micrometers.

5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a preprocessed substrate having a region of roughened surface features.

6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrode coating fluid comprises a material having a solids content of between about two percent and twenty percent.

7. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrode coating fluid comprises a paste material, the paste material having viscosity of about 75 centipoise to about 85 centipoise.

8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein converting the entire deposited carbon coating to a single layer of activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate includes heating the deposited carbon coating and the titanium substrate at between about 600 degrees to about 1,000 degrees Celsius at a reduced pressure and/or under a chemically inert cover gas and further heating in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for between about 0.1 hour to about four hours at temperatures between 200 degrees and 500 degrees Celsius.

9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium substrate comprises an interior portion of an electrochemical cell housing.

10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium substrate comprises a portion of a sheet of titanium or a portion of a rolled-sheet of titanium.

11. A method according to claim 10 , further comprising:

emitting the electrode coating fluid on opposing major surfaces of the sheet of titanium.

12. A method according to claim 10 , further comprising:

cutting the thin sheet of titanium into smaller units.

13. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising:

covering the cathode with a dielectric separator material.

14. A method according to claim 13 , wherein the dielectric separator material comprises at least two discrete layers of dielectric separator material.

15. A method according to claim 13 , wherein the dielectric separator material comprises a polypropylene material.

16. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the valve fluidically communicates with a major reservoir containing a volume of the electrode coating fluid.

17. A method according to claim 16 , further comprising means for agitating at least a portion of the volume of electrode coating fluid contained within the major reservoir.

18. A method according to claim 17 , wherein the means for agitating includes at least a one of: stirring the electrode coating fluid, shaking the major reservoir, ultrasonically impinging upon the electrode coating fluid, re-circulating the electrode coating fluid, vibrating the electrode coating fluid.

19. A method according to claim 16 , further comprising monitoring the characteristics of the electrode coating fluid contained within the major reservoir.

20. A method according to claim 19 , wherein monitoring further comprises at least a one of:

measuring a temperature of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a pH level of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a specific gravity of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a viscosity of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a remaining volume of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a rate-of-depletion of the electrode coating fluid, measuring a particulate content of the electrode coating fluid.

21. A method according to claim 20 , further comprising providing a signal related to at least one of the measured metrics of the electrode coating fluid.

22. A method according to claim 21 , wherein the signal comprises at least one of:

a visual signal, an auditory signal, a tactile signal.

23. A method according to claim 22 , further comprising, in response to receipt or acknowledgement of certain characteristics of the signal, performing one of:

ceasing the emission of the electrode coating fluid from the actuated valve, altering an operating parameter of the emission of the electrode coating fluid from the actuated valve, modifying a characteristic of the electrode coating fluid.

24. A method according to claim 23 , wherein modifying the characteristic of the electrode coating fluid comprises one of:

adding a solvent to the electrode coating fluid, modifying the temperature of the electrode coating fluid, adding an additional amount of electrode coating fluid to the major reservoir, agitating the electrode coating fluid.

25. A method according to claim 1 , further comprising initially altering the temperature of the titanium substrate.

26. The method of claim 1 , further comprising emitting the sequence of droplets at a rate of about 500 Hz.

27. A method of fabricating a cathode, comprising:

forming an electrode coating fluid from a suspension of graphite powder in a liquid carrier;

filling a reservoir of a piezoelectric print device with the electrode coating fluid;

emitting a sequence of individual droplets of the electrode coating fluid onto a titanium substrate from an orifice of a piezoelectrically controlled valve coupled to the print device to form a deposited carbon coating on the titanium substrate; and

converting the entire deposited carbon coating to a single layer of activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the micro dosing valve is computer-controlled.

29. The method of claim 27 , further comprising emitting the sequence of individual droplets at a rate of about 500 Hz.

30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the titanium substrate is a portion of an inner surface of an enclosure of an electrochemical cell.

31. The method of claim 27 , wherein converting the entire deposited carbon coating to a single layer of activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate includes:

heating the deposited carbon coating and the titanium substrate at between about 600 degrees to about 1,000 degrees Celsius at a reduced pressure and/or under a chemically inert cover gas to form an activated titanium carbide layer between a remaining layer of the deposited carbon coating and the titanium substrate;

cooling the remaining layer of the deposited carbon coating, the activated titanium carbide layer and the titanium substrate; and

heating the remaining layer of the deposited carbon coating, the activated titanium carbide layer and the titanium substrate in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to form a cathode consisting of a single activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate.

32. A method of fabricating a cathode, comprising:

forming an electrode coating fluid from a suspension of graphite powder in a liquid carrier;

filling a reservoir of a print device with the electrode coating fluid;

emitting a sequence of individual droplets of the electrode coating fluid onto a titanium substrate from an orifice of a valve coupled to the print device to form a deposited carbon coating on the titanium substrate;

heating the deposited carbon coating and the titanium substrate to form an activated titanium carbide layer between a remaining layer of the deposited carbon coating and the titanium substrate; and

removing the remaining layer of the deposited carbon coating to expose the activated titanium carbide layer on the titanium substrate.