Cleavage of RNA by restriction endonucleases
Methods of and uses for cleaving RNA/DNA duplexes with restriction endonucleases are provided as well as methods for determining whether a restriction endonuclease is capable of such cleavage.
1 . A method of cleaving an RNA/DNA duplex, comprising:
(a) combining a restriction endonuclease, isochizomer or modification thereof, with an RNA/DNA duplex in a mixture, wherein the restriction endonuclease, isoschizomer or modification thereof is capable of cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex to form a plurality of RNA/DNA duplex fragments of specific sizes with defined ends; and
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex.
2 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is a modified restriction endonuclease that selectively cleaves RNA in the RNA/DNA duplexes without substantial cleavage of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).
3 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises metal ions other than magnesium for inhibiting DNA duplex cleavage by the restriction endonuclease.
4 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease recognizes a specific sequence on the RNA/DNA duplex, such that the size of the RNA/DNA duplex is at least 2 nucleotides longer than the recognition sequence.
5 . A method according to claim 1 , further comprising: denaturing the duplex to form single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments of defined size and ends.
6 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is AvaII.
7 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is Cac8I.
8 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is BstI.
9 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is SfaNI.
10 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is Sau3AI.
11 . A method for determining whether a restriction endonuclease is capable of cleaving an RNA within an RNA/DNA duplex, comprising:
(a) obtaining a labeled RNA/DNA oligonucleotide duplex;
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex with a restriction endonuclease; and
(c) analyzing the products of the reaction by size separation to determine whether the restriction endonuclease is capable of cleaving the RNA in the duplex in the absence of ribonuclease activity.
12 . A method according to claim 11 , wherein the restriction endonuclease has a known DNA cleavage specificity under standard reaction conditions.
13 . A method of detecting a pathogenic RNA virus, comprising:
(a) hybridizing viral RNA in a biological sample with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragment;
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases, isoschizomers or modifications thereof having known recognition and cleavage specificities;
(c) denaturing the RNA/DNA duplex to produce RNA having characteristic fragment sizes in an RNA profile; and
(d) detecting the pathogenic RNA virus from the RNA profile.
14 . A method according to claim 13 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of AvaII, Cac8I, BtsI, SfaNI and Sau3AI.
15 . A method of treating a subject infected with an RNA-containing virus to reduce viral load, comprising: administering to a subject, an effective dose of one or more restriction endonucleases, isoschizomers or modifications thereof in a pharmaceutical formulation, wherein the one or more restriction endonucleases, isoschizomers or modifications thereof are capable of cleaving RNA/DNA duplexes; and reducing viral load in the subject.
16 . A method according to claim 15 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is selected from the group consisting of AvaII, Cac8I, BtsI, SfaNI and Sau3AI.
17 . A method according to claim 15 , wherein the viral pathogen is Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
18 . A method of obtaining a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) fragment having a defined length and terminal sequence, comprising:
(a) cleaving an RNA/DNA duplex with a restriction endonuclease, an isoschizomer or modification thereof having known cleavage specificity;
(b) denaturing the cleaved RNA/DNA duplex so that the RNA hybridizes to itself or a second RNA to form an RNA/RNA duplex; and
(c) obtaining the dsRNA fragment having a defined length and terminal sequence.
19 . A method according to claim 18 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is Ava II, Cac8I, SfaNI, BtsI and Sau3AI.
20 . A method of gene silencing, comprising:
(a) cleaving an RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases, isoschizomers or modifications thereof;
(b) denaturing the cleaved RNA/DNA duplex to provide a ssRNA;
(c) permitting the ssRNA to reanneal into a hairpin or RNA duplex;
(d) transfecting target cells with the RNA duplex; and
(e) obtaining gene silencing.
21 . A method according to claim 20 , wherein the restriction endonuclease is selected from: AvaII, Cac8I, BtsI, SfaNI and Sau3AI.
22 . A method of mapping a long RNA molecule, comprising:
(a) hybridizing a long RNA molecule to DNA oligonucleotides containing one or more endonuclease cleavage sites to form an RNA/DNA duplex;
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases;
(c) denaturing the cleaved RNA/DNA duplex and separating the cleaved RNA by size to form an RNA profile; and
(d) mapping the long RNA molecule from the RNA profile.
23 . A method of detecting alternative spliced forms of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), comprising:
(a) hybridizing an mRNA molecule to DNA oligonucleotides containing one or more endonuclease cleavage sites to form an RNA/DNA duplex;
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases;
(c) denaturing the RNA/DNA duplex and separating the cleaved RNA by size to form an RNA profile; and
(d) detecting the alternative spliced forms of the mRNAs from analyzing the RNA profile.
24 . A method for generating RNA primers for DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase, comprising:
(a) hybridizing an RNA molecule to DNA oligonucleotides containing one or more endonuclease cleavage sites to form an RNA/DNA duplex;
(b) cleaving the RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases;
(c) denaturing the cleaved RNA/DNA duplex and separating the cleaved RNA by size; and
(d) generating RNA primers for DNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase.
25 . A method of RNA sequence shuffling for expressing a novel protein, comprising:
(a) hybridizing an RNA molecule to DNA oligonucleotides containing one or more endonuclease cleavage sites;
(b) cleaving RNA/DNA duplex with one or more restriction endonucleases;
(c) denaturing the RNA/DNA duplex and separating the cleaved RNA by size; and
(d) ligating a sized RNA fragment to a second sized RNA fragment in the presence of RNA ligase to form shuffled RNA sequences for expressing a novel protein.