Composite laminate reinforced with curvilinear 3-D fiber and method of making the same
A composite laminate structure includes a first face sheet having a plurality of ply layers; a second face sheet having a plurality of ply layers; and a plurality of groupings of 3-D fibers extending from the first skin to the second skin, and integrated into the plurality of ply layers of the first face sheet and the second face sheet in at least a Z-X direction.
1 . A composite laminate structure, comprising:
a first face sheet having a plurality of ply layers;
a second face sheet having a plurality of ply layers; and
a plurality of groupings of 3-D fibers extending from the first skin to the second skin, and integrated into the plurality of ply layers of the first face sheet and the second face sheet in at least a Z-X direction.
2 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the groupings of 3-D fibers are generally perpendicular to the first face sheet and the second face sheet between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
3 . The composite laminate structure of claim 2 , wherein the composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
4 . The composite laminate structure of claim 2 , wherein the composite laminate includes a plurality of ply layers between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
5 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the first skin and the second skin include inner ply layers and outer ply layers, and the groupings of 3-D fibers extend more in the X direction in the outer ply layers than in the inner ply layers.
6 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , further including a reinforcement material layer and a veil material layer on both the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
7 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the first skin and the second skin are at least one of X-Y material, X-Y stitched fabric, woven roving, glass fibers, carbon fibers, and aramid fibers.
8 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet, and the core material is at least one of balsa wood, urethane foam, PVC foam, and phenolic foam.
9 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet, and the core material has a density in the range of 2 lbs. per cubic foot to 16 lbs. per cubic foot.
10 . The composite laminate structure of claim 1 , wherein the 3-D fibers are co-cured and primary bonded with the ply layers.
11 . A method of making a composite laminate structure, comprising:
providing a wetted-out composite laminate structure preform impregnated with a resin, the preform including a first face sheet having a plurality of ply layers, a second face sheet having a plurality of ply layers, and a plurality of groupings of Z-axis fibers being generally perpendicular to the first skin and the second skin and extending from the first skin to the second skin;
providing a pultrusion die for pultruding the wetted-out composite laminate structure;
pultruding the wetted-out composite laminate structure with the pultrusion die so that the wetted-out composite laminate structure compresses in thickness and the plurality of groupings of Z-axis fibers are integrated into the plurality of ply layers of the first face sheet and the second face sheet in at least a Z-X direction;
co-curing the wetted-out composite laminate structure so as to produce a co-cured composite laminate structure where at least the plurality of Z-axis groupings of fibers, the first face sheet and the second face sheet are primary bonded, and the plurality of groupings of Z-axis fibers are integrated into the plurality of ply layers of the first face sheet and the second face sheet in at least a Z-X direction.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein during the pultruding step, the groupings of 3-D fibers are placed in tension so that they are generally perpendicular to the first face sheet and the second face sheet between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the co-cured composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
14 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the cu-cured composite laminate includes a plurality of ply layers between the first face sheet and the second face sheet.
15 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the first skin and the second skin of the co-cured composite laminate include inner ply layers and outer ply layers, and the groupings of 3-D fibers extend more in the X direction in the outer ply layers than in the inner ply layers.
16 . The method of claim 11 , further including the step of adding a reinforcement material layer and a veil material layer on both the first face sheet and the second face sheet prior to pultruding.
17 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the first skin and the second skin are at least one of X-Y material, X-Y stitched fabric, woven roving, glass fibers, carbon fibers, and aramid fibers .
18 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the co-cured composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet, and the core material is at least one of balsa wood, urethane foam, PVC foam, and phenolic foam.
19 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the co-cured composite laminate includes an interior core material between the first face sheet and the second face sheet, and the core material has a density in the range of 2 lbs. per cubic foot to 16 lbs. per cubic foot.