Acetyl-LDL receptor as a biomarker for breast cancer
The present invention is a biomarker for breast cancer, including early stage and precancerous conditions. Patients exhibiting reduced expression of acetyl-LDL receptor in a NAF sample collected from a breast that is below the 95% confidence limit of normals either have breast cancer are at high risk to develop breast cancer and should become the object of increased medical surveillance.
1 . A biomarker of breast cancer comprising a reduced quantity of an acetyl-LDL-receptor protein in a nipple aspirate fluid sample.
2 . A method of using nipple aspirate fluid to diagnose breast cancer, the method comprising:
collecting a nipple aspirate fluid sample from a test subject;
analyzing the nipple aspirate fluid sample for a reduced expression of an acetyl-LDL receptor protein; and
using the expression of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein to diagnose the test subject.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the diagnosis is an adjunct to at least one other diagnostic test for breast cancer.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the other diagnostic test is a mammogram or MRI.
5 . A method for screening for breast cancer comprising:
obtaining a breast ductal secretion from a patient's breast;
determining a quantity of an acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the patient's breast ductal secretion; and
comparing the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the patient's breast ductal secretion with a normal value of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in a breast ductal fluid obtained from a set of control breasts;
whereby a reduction in the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the patient's breast ductal secretion to a level less than the normal value of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal fluid obtained from the set of control breasts is indicative of a cancerous or a pre-cancerous condition in the patient's breast.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the ductal secretion is obtained by nipple aspiration or ductal lavage.
7 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis comprises a separation by isoelectric point followed by a separation by molecular weight.
9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the protein in the breast ductal secretion is precipitated and the precipitated protein fraction is separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
10 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the two-dimensional gel is stained and an intensity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein staining is used to determine the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
11 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using an antibody directed against an antigenic determinant in the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
12 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the patient's ductal secretion is determined by contacting the ductal secretion with at least one antibody with reactivity to the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
13 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the normal value of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal fluid from the set of control breasts is equal to a mean concentration of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein concentrations in the set of control breasts minus one standard deviation of the mean.
14 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the normal value of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal fluid from the set of control breasts is equal to a lower 95% confidence limit in a concentration of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the set of control breasts.
15 . A method for diagnosing breast cancer comprising:
obtaining a breast ductal secretion from two breasts of a subject;
determining a quantity of an acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal secretion of each of the two breasts; and
comparing a concentration of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in a breast ductal fluid obtained from a set of control breasts with a lowest quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein found in the patient's two breasts.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein a cancerous or pre-cancerous condition in the subject's breast having the lowest quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is indicated whenever the lowest quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is at least 50% less than the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the ductal secretion of the other breast and is equal to or less than the mean minus one standard deviation of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein concentration in the set of control breasts.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the ductal secretion is obtained by nipple aspiration.
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the quantity of acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis comprises a separation by isoelectric point followed by a separation by molecular weight.
20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using an antibody directed against an antigenic determinant in the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
21 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the patient's ductal secretion is determined by contacting the ductal secretion with at least one antibody with reactivity to the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
22 . A method for diagnosing breast cancer comprising:
obtaining a nipple aspirate fluid sample from a breast;
separating a protein fraction of the nipple aspirate fluid sample by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis;
determining a quantity of an acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the nipple aspirate fluid sample; and
using the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein to diagnose breast cancer in the breast.
23 . The method of claim 22 , further comprising performing an additional diagnostic test for breast cancer.
24 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the protein fraction is separated by precipitation.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the precipitated protein fraction is washed with trichoroacetic acid and acetone.
26 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis comprises a separation by isoelectric point followed by a separation by molecular weight.
28 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the protein in the breast ductal secretion is precipitated and the precipitated protein fraction is separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
29 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the two-dimensional gel is stained and an intensity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein staining is calculated.
30 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the quantity of acetyl-LDL receptor protein is determined using an antibody directed against an antigenic determinant in the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
31 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast nipple aspirate fluid sample is determined by contacting the two-dimensional gel with at least one antibody with reactivity to the acetyl-LDL receptor protein.
32 . A method for diagnosing breast cancer comprising:
obtaining a breast ductal secretion from a breast;
determining a quantity of an acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal secretion using an antibody reactive with an antigenic determinant in the acetyl-LDL receptor protein; and
using the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein to diagnose breast cancer in the breast.
33 . The method of claim 32 , further comprising performing an additional diagnostic test for breast cancer.
34 . The method of claim 32 , wherein a plurality of antibodies reactive with an antigenic determinant in the acetyl-LDL receptor protein are used to determine the quantity of the acetyl-LDL receptor protein in the breast ductal secretion.
35 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
36 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the antibody is a chimeric antibody.
37 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the antibody is an antiserum, an Fab antibody fragment, a monoclonal antibody, a chimeric antibody, a IgG immunogobulin, an IgM immunoglobulin, or a combination of the same.
38 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the amount of antibody reacted with the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is reported using an radioimmunoassay, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
39 . The method of claim 32 , wherein an amount of the antibody reacted with the acetyl-LDL receptor protein is reported using a horseradish peroxidase reporter, a strepavidin reporter, a fluorescent reporter, a chemiluminescent reporter, a colorimetric reporter, or a combination of the same.