Battery cathodes
View Patent ↗Batteries are disclosed. In some embodiments, a battery includes a cathode having a composition that includes a manganese oxide. The composition has an X-ray diffraction pattern with a first peak at about 18 degrees, a second peak at about 22 degrees, and a third peak at about 32 degrees.
1. A battery comprising a cathode comprising a composition comprising a manganese oxide, wherein the composition has an X-ray diffraction pattern including a first peak at about 54 degrees, a second peak at about 22 degrees, a third peak at about 32 degrees, and a fourth peak at about 37 degrees; wherein
the fourth peak is the largest peak, the second peak is larger than the third and first peak, and the third peak is larger than the first peak, and
the composition has the formula Li x MnO y , and 0.05≦x≦0.25 and 1.8≦y≦2.0.
2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has the formula Li x MnO y , and 0.05≦x≦0.25 and 1.8 23 y≦2.0 prior to discharge of the battery.
3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 0.1≦x≦0.25.
4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 0.15≦x≦0.25.
5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 1.9≦y≦2.0.
6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein 1.85≦y≦1.95.
7. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of about 25 m 2 /gram or less.
8. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of from about 11 m 2 /gram to about 25 m 2 /gram.
9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a BET surface area of about 11 m 2 /gram.
10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide is substantially free of pyrolusite.
11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises ramsdellite.
12. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a fifth peak at about 41.6 degrees and a sixth peak at about 42.6 degrees.
13. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises manganese with a formal oxidation state of from about +3.0 to about +4.0.
14. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the manganese oxide comprises manganese with a formal oxidation state of about +3.9.
15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode has a capacity of at least about 150 mAh/gram.
16. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode has a capacity of from about 250 mAh/gram to about 350 mAh/gram.
17. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has an open-circuit voltage of at least about 1.5 Volts.
18. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has a closed-circuit voltage of at least about 1.5 Volts.
19. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery has a current capability of up to about 20 amperes.
20. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises a lithium-aluminum alloy.
21. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a member selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and combinations thereof.
22. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the fourth peak has intensity of 100 percent, and the second peak has an intensity of 57 percent.
23. The battery of claim 22 , wherein the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent.
24. The battery of claim 22 , wherein the first peak has an intensity of 24 percent.
25. The battery of claim 22 , wherein the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent and the first peak has an intensity of 24 percent.
26. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the fourth peak has an intensity of 100 percent, and the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent.
27. The battery of claim 26 , wherein the second peak has an intensity of 57 percent.
28. The battery of claim 26 , wherein the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent.
29. The battery of claim 26 , wherein the second peak has an intensity of 57 percent and the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent.
30. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the fourth peak has an intensity of 100 percent, and the third peak has an intensity of 33 percent.
31. The battery of claim 30 , wherein the second peak has an intensity of 57 percent.
32. The battery of claim 30 , wherein the first peak has an intensity of 24 percent.
33. The battery of claim 30 , wherein the second peak has an intensity of 57 percent and the first peak has an intensity of 24 percent.
34. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the X-ray diffraction pattern of the composition further includes a ninth peak at about 18 degrees.
35. The battery of claim 34 , wherein the ninth peak is larger than the first peak.
36. The battery of claim 34 , wherein the ninth peak is smaller than the third peak.
37. The battery of claim 34 , wherein the ninth peak has an intensity of 34 percent.