Optical elements and methods for making thereof
View Patent ↗Optical elements are made using micro-jet printing methods to precisely control the type, position and amount of polymer deposited onto a substrate. In preferred embodiments, the proportions of two or more different polymer compositions are varied over the course of the deposition process to deposit adjoining polymer pixels in the form of a film on the substrate surface. The optical properties of each adjoining polymer pixel can be selected to provide a predetermined optical property, including a specific value of index of refraction. Preferably, the film has a radially non-monotonic refractive index profile and/or an angularly non-monotonic refractive index profile.
1. An optical element comprising a continuous film, the continuous film comprising a plurality of adjoining solid polymer pixels that differ from each other in an optical property, at least a portion of the solid polymer pixels each comprising a first material and a second material, the first material being different from the second material in the optical property.
2. The optical element of claim 1 in which the continuous film has a profile in the optical property selected from the group consisting of a radially non-monotonic profile and an angularly non-monotonic profile.
3. The optical element of claim 2 in which the second material is selected from the group consisting of metal and nanoparticle.
4. The optical element of claim 2 in which the second material is a metal.
5. The optical element of claim 4 in which the metal is in the form of nanoparticles having a refractive index of about 1.6 or higher.
6. The optical element of claim 5 in which the nanoparticles comprise TiO 2 .
7. The optical element of claim 2 in which the profile in the optical property is a radially non-monotonic profile.
8. The optical element of claim 2 in which the profile in the optical property is an angularly non-monotonic profile.
9. The optical element of claim 1 in which the first material is a first polymer and the second material is selected from the group consisting of second polymer, metal, and nanoparticle.
10. The optical element of claim 1 , further comprising a substantially transparent substrate in contact with the continuous film.
11. The optical element of claim 10 in which the continuous film forms a surface of the optical element.
12. The optical element of claim 10 in which the continuous film is within the substantially transparent substrate.
13. The optical element of claim 12 further comprising a second substrate, wherein the continuous film forms a layer between the substantially transparent substrate and the second substrate.
14. The optical element of claim 13 in which the second substrate is substantially transparent.
15. The optical element of claim 1 in which the substantially transparent substrate and the continuous film together comprise a lens.
16. The optical element of claim 1 in which the optical property is selected from the group consisting of index of refraction, polarizability, Verdet constant, Kerr constant, electro-optical constant, birefringence, and absorption.
17. The optical element of claim 16 in which the optical property is index of refraction.
18. The optical element of claim 1 which refracts non-visible electromagnetic radiation.
19. The optical element of claim 1 in which second material is a second polymer.
20. The optical element of claim 19 in which the first polymer and the second polymer are each individually a type of polymer selected from the group consisting of poly(acrylate), poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(vinylidene chloride), polycarbonate, poly(vinyl butyral), poly(ethylene), ethylene/1-alkene copolymer, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(acrylonitrile), poly(butadiene), polystyrene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymers, allyl diglycol carbonate polymer, poly(methyl pentene), polyamide (e.g., nylon), poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenyleneoxide), poly(vinyl methyl ether), epoxy polymer, thiol-ene polymer, silicone polymer, and copolymers thereof.
21. The optical element of claim 19 in which the first polymer has a first refractive index and the second polymer has a second refractive index, the first refractive index being different from the second refractive index.
22. The optical element of claim 21 in which the first refractive index is 1.5 or less and the second refractive index is greater than 1.5.
23. The optical element of claim 21 in which the first refractive index is about 1.45 or less and the second refractive index is about 1.6 or greater.
24. The optical element of claim 1 in which the adjoining solid polymer pixels each have a size in the range of about 0.1 micron to about 200 microns.
25. The optical element of claim 1 in which the adjoining solid polymer pixels each have a size of about 0.4 micron or less.
26. The optical element of claim 1 in which the adjoining solid polymer pixels each have a size in the range of about 0.1 micron to about 1 micron.
27. The optical element of claim 1 in which the continuous film comprises a plurality of layers of the adjoining solid polymer pixels.
28. The optical element of claim 1 comprising at least a first polymer pixel adjoining at least a second polymer pixel, the first and second polymer pixels comprising the same polymer type, the first polymer pixel comprising an amount of a metal that is different from the second polymer pixel.
29. The optical element of claim 1 in which the continuous film has a non-uniform thickness.