Methods for the identification of inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase as antibiotics
The present inventors have discovered that a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is essential for normal fungal pathogenicity. Specifically, the inhibition of PDE2 gene expression in Magnaportha grisea severely reduces the pathogenicity of the fungus. Thus, PDE2 is useful as a target for the identification of antibiotics, preferably fungicides. Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for the identification of compounds that inhibit PDE2 expression or activity. The methods of the invention are useful for the identification of antibiotics, preferably fungicides.
1 . A method for identifying a test compound as a candidate for an antibiotic, comprising:
a) contacting a polypeptide with a test compound, wherein said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of:
i) non-fungal PDE2 polypeptide;
ii) a fungal PDE2 polypeptide;
iii) a Magnaporthe PDE2 polypeptide;
iv) SEQ ID NO:2;
v) a polypeptide consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO:2;
vi) a polypeptide having at least ten consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2;
vii) a polypeptide having at least 38% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
viii) a polypeptide consisting of at least 50 amino acids having at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
b) detecting the presence or absence of binding between the test compound and the PDE2 polypeptide, wherein binding indicates that the test compound is a candidate for an antibiotic.
2 . A method for identifying a test compound as a candidate for an antibiotic, comprising:
a) contacting a nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate substrate with a polypeptide in the presence and absence of a test compound, under conditions suitable for the polypeptide to convert the nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate substrate to a nucleoside 5′-phosphate product, wherein said polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of:
i) a non-fungal PDE2 polypeptide;
ii) a fungal PDE2 polypeptide;
iii) a Magnaporthe PDE2 polypeptide;
iv) SEQ ID NO:2;
v) a polypeptide consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO:2;
vi) a polypeptide having at least ten consecutive amino acids of SEQ ID NO:2;
vii) a polypeptide having at least 38% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
viii) a polypeptide consisting of at least 50 amino acids having at least 50% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:2 and at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
b) comparing the concentration of the nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate substrate and/or the nucleoside 5′-phosphate product in the presence and absence of the test compound, wherein a difference in the presence of the test compound, relative to the absence indicates that the test compound is a candidate for an antibiotic.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the nucleoside 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate substrate is cAMP.
4 . A method for identifying a test compound as a candidate for an antibiotic, comprising:
a) measuring the expression of a PDE2 in an organism, or a cell or tissue thereof, in the presence and absence of a test compound; and
b) comparing the expression of a PDE2 in the presence and absence of the test compound, wherein an altered expression in the presence of the test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for an antibiotic.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the organism is a fungus.
6 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the organism is Magnaporthe.
7 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2.
8 . The method of claim 4 , wherein expression is measured by at least one of the following methods: detecting expressed mRNA, detecting expressed polypeptide, and detecting expressed polypeptide enzyme activity.
9 . A method for identifying a test compound as a candidate for an antibiotic, comprising:
a) providing a fungal organism having a first form of a PDE2;
b) providing a fungal organism having a second form of the PDE2, wherein one of the first or the second form of the PDE2 has at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
c) determining the growth of the organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the organism having the second form of the PDE2 in the presence of a test compound, wherein a difference in growth between the two organisms in the presence of the test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for an antibiotic.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe and the first and the second form of the PDE2 are fungal PDE2's.
11 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2.
12 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe and the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2.
13 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe , the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2, and the second form of the PDE2 is a heterologous PDE2.
14 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe , the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2, and the second form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2 comprising a transposon insertion that reduces or abolishes PDE2 activity.
15 . A method for identifying a test compound as a candidate for an antibiotic, comprising:
a) providing a fungal organism having a first form of a PDE2;
b) providing a fungal organism having a second form of the PDE2, wherein one of the first or the second form of PDE2 has at least 10% of the activity of SEQ ID NO:2; and
c) determining the pathogenicity of the organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the organism having the second form of the PDE2 in the presence of a test compound, wherein a difference in pathogenicity between the two organisms in the presence of the test compound indicates that the test compound is a candidate for an antibiotic.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe and the first and the second form of the PDE2 are fungal PDE2's.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2.
18 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe and the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2.
19 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe , the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2, and the second form of the PDE2 is a heterologous PDE2.
20 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the fungal organism having the first form of the PDE2 and the fungal organism having the second form of the PDE2 are Magnaporthe , the first form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2, and the second form of the PDE2 is SEQ ID NO:2 comprising a transposon insertion that reduces or abolishes PDE2 activity.