Use of nucleoside compounds for nonsense suppression and the treatment of genetic diseases

1. A method of treating cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy responsive to modulation of premature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of formula VII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

X is O;

A and B are each independently CH or N, wherein CH is substituted or unsubstituted;

Y 1 and Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, sulfate, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthioether, carboxyalkyl, carbonylalkyl, amino, NR 5 R 5′ , amido, or alkoxycarbonyl;

R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and

R 5 and R 5′ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,

wherein groups that are substituted are independently subsituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aroyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthioether, cycloalkyloxy, heterocylooxy, oxo, alkanoyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, aryloxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloamino, mono- or di-substituted amino, alkanoylamino, aroylamino, aralkanoylamino, alkanoylamino, arylamino, aralkanoylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, arylalkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclothio, alkylthiono, arylthiono, arylalkylthiono, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carbamyl, alkoxycarbonyl, guanidino or heterocycloalkyl.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate or stereoisomer thereof, is administered as a composition comprising the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

3. The method claim 1 , wherein A and B are each N or wherein A is N and B is substituted or unsubstituted CH.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound has the structure of formula IX:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein each occurrence of R″ is hydrogen.

5. A method of treating cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy associated with a genetic nonsense mutation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the structure of formula VII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

X is O;

A and B are each independently CH or N;

Y 1 and Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, sulfate, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthioether, carboxyalkyl, carbonylalkyl, amino, NR 5 R 5′ , amido, or alkoxycarbonyl;

R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and

R 5 and R 5′ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,

wherein groups that are substituted are independently subsituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aroyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthioether, cycloalkyloxy, heterocylooxy, oxo, alkanoyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, aryloxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloamino, mono- or di-substituted amino, alkanoylamino, aroylamino, aralkanoylamino, alkanoylamino, arylamino, aralkanoylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, arylalkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclothio, alkylthiono, arylthiono, arylalkylthiono, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamido, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carbamyl, alkoxycarbonyl, guanidino or heterocycloalkyl.

6. A method of modulating premature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in a cell, comprising contacting a cell exhibiting premature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay with an effective amount of a compound having the structure of formula VII:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

X is O;

A and B are each independently CH or N;

Y 1 and Y 2 are each independently hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, nitro, cyano, sulfate, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthioether, carboxyalkyl, carbonylalkyl, amino, NR 5 R 5′ , amido, or alkoxycarbonyl;

R 1 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and

R 5 and R 5′ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl,

wherein groups that are substituted are independently subsituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aroyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthioether, cycloalkyloxy, heterocylooxy, oxo, alkanoyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, aryloxy, alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, cycloalkylamino, heterocycloamino, mono- or di-substituted amino, alkanoylamino, aroylamino, aralkanoylamino, alkanoylamino, arylamino, aralkanoylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, arylalkylthio, cycloalkylthio, heterocyclothio, alkylthiono, arylthiono, arylalkylthiono, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamido, nitro, cyano, carboxy, carbamyl, alkoxycarbonyl, guanidino or heterocycloalkyl.

7. A method of treating cystic fibrosis or muscular dystrophy associated with a genetic nonsense mutation comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate, racemate or stereoisomer thereof.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of formula VII is administered.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate or solvate of a compound of formula VII is administered.

10. The method of claim 5 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 5 is administered.

11. The method of claim 5 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate or solvate of the compound of claim 5 is administered.

12. The method of claim 6 , wherein the cell is contacted with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 6 .

13. The method of claim 6 , wherein the cell is contacted with a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate or solvate of the compound of claim 6 .

14. The method of claim 7 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 7 is administered.

15. The method of claim 7 , wherein a pharmaceutically acceptable hydrate or solvate of the compound of claim 7 is administered.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is hydrogen.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein Y 1 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, —NH 2 , —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkyl-OH, —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH-alkyl-phenyl, sulfate, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkylthio, wherein phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted with alkoxy.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein Y 2 is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, —NH 2 , —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkyl-OH, —N(alkyl) 2 , —NH-alkyl-phenyl, sulfate, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, cyano, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkylthio, wherein phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted with alkoxy.