Heat treated valve guide and method of making
View Patent ↗A valve guide of alloyed gray cast iron comprising from about 3 to about 3.5 wt. % carbon, about 0.2 wt. % phosphorous maximum, from about 0.35 to about 0.75 wt. % molybdenum, from about 1.8 to about 3 wt. % silicon, from about 0.6 to about 1 wt. % manganese, from about 0.8 to about 1.5 wt. % chromium, balance essentially iron, is heat treated by austenitizing, quenching, and tempering, to obtain a Rockwell C hardness from about 35 to about 45. The microstructure comprises at least about 3% intercellular carbide in a matrix of tempered martensite. Such valve guide exhibits improved wear resistance during use in an internal combustion engine.
1. A method of making a valve guide having enhanced wear resistance when used in an internal combustion engine comprising:
(a) Providing an elongated blank of gray cast iron comprising from about 3 to about 3.5 wt. % carbon, about 0.2 wt. % phosphorous maximum, from about 0.35 to about 0.75 wt. % molybdenum, from about 1.8 to about 3 wt. % silicon, from about 0.6 to about 1 wt. % manganese, from about 0.8 to about 1.5 wt. % chromium, balance essentially iron;
(b) Machining said blank to form a generally round shape;
(c) Forming a center hole along a longitudinal axis of said rounded blank;
(d) Heat treating said rounded blank containing said center hole by heating the blank to an austenitizing temperature sufficient to promote formation of austenite and for a time sufficient to dissolve carbon in said austenite, quenching said blank in a quenching medium to form martensite, and the heating said quenched blank to a temperature from about 1000° F. to about 1200° F. to temper said martensite and obtain a microstructure comprising 3% or more molybdenum and chromium intercellular carbides in a matrix of tempered martensite and to obtain a Rockwell C hardness of about 35 to about 45;
(e) Machining said heat-treated blank to form a valve guide; and
(f) contacting an interior surface of said valve guide against a valve stem having a hardness greater than that of said valve guide so that when said valve stem is contacted and passed against said valve guide interior surface, wear on said valve stem during said contact is minimized.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.2 to about 1.0 wt. % nickel and from about 0.2 to about 1.0 wt. % copper.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. nickel and from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % copper.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said gray cast iron comprises from about 3.1 to about 3.4 wt. % carbon, about 0.2 wt. % phosphorous maximum, about 0.15 wt. % sulfur maximum, from about 0.45 to about 0.65 wt. % molybdenum, from about 2.1 to about 2.8 wt. % silicon, from about 0.6 to about 0.9 wt. % manganese, from about 1 to about 1.3 wt. % chromium, balance essentially iron.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.2 to about 1 wt. % nickel and from about 0.2 to about 1 wt. % copper.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said gray cast iron comprises from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % nickel and from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % copper.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said microstructure comprises from about 4% to about 8% molybdenum and chromium intercellular carbide in a matrix of tempered martensite.
8. An elongated gray cast iron valve guide having an interior center hole with an interior surface contained in an internal combustion engine and in the heat-treated condition having a cylindrical, finish ground surface, a Rockwell C hardness from about 35 to about 45, and a microstructure comprising 3% or more molybdenum and chromium intercellular carbide in a matrix of tempered martensite; said gray cast iron having a composition comprising from about 3 to about 3.5 wt. % carbon, about 0.2 wt. % phosphorous maximum, from about 0.35 to about 0.75 wt. % molybdenum, from about 1.8 to about 3 wt. % silicon, from about 0.6 to about 1 wt. % manganese, from about 0.8 to about 1.5 wt. % chromium, balance essentially iron, said valve guide having said interior surface in contact with and passing against a valve stem having a hardness greater than that of said valve guide whereby wear on said valve stem during said contact is minimized.
9. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 8 , wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.2 to about 1.0 wt. % nickel and from about 0.2 to about 1.0 wt. % copper.
10. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 9 , wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. Nickel and from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % copper.
11. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 9 , wherein said gray cast iron comprises from about 3.1 to about 3.4 wt. % carbon, about 0.2 wt. % phosphorous maximum, about 0.15 wt. % sulfur maximum, from about 0.45 to about 0.65 wt. % molybdenum, from about 2.1 to about 2.8 wt. % silicon, from about 0.6 to about 0.9 wt. % manganese, from about 1 to about 1.3 wt. % chromium, balance essentially iron.
12. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 11 , wherein said gray cast iron further comprises from about 0.2 to about 1 wt. % nickel and from about 0.2 to about 1 wt. % copper.
13. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 12 , wherein said gray cast iron further comprises about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % nickel and from about 0.4 to about 0.7 wt. % copper.
14. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 8 , wherein said microstructure comprises from about 4% to about 8% molybdenum and chromium intercellular carbide in a matrix of tempered martensite.
15. The elongated gray cast iron valve guide of claim 8 wherein said valve stem has a Rockwell C hardness of about 45 to about 60.