Identification of blood elements using inverted microscopy
A method of identifying the elements of a blood sample including placing an aliquot of blood on a transparent substrate such as a coverslip. The blood is allowed to stand and the cells to settle to form a layer or matrix. Inverted microscopy is used to identify the elements in the sample. Various forms of illumination may be used alone or in multiple combinations. The method improves the accuracy due to homogenous distribution of formed elements in the wet drop or aliquot, simplifies the method, lowers the cost of the test and results in a shortened analytical cycle time.
1. A method of preparing and examining cells from a sample of blood, said method comprising the steps of:
preparing the cells for examination by:
placing an aliquot of whole blood on a surface of a transparent material, wherein the aliquot of whole blood comprises a distribution of cell types including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, and further wherein said aliquot of whole blood is placed on said surface of said transparent material without removing any of the cell types from the aliquot of whole blood; and
allowing the cells to settle onto the surface of the transparent material for a period of between 10 seconds and two minutes to form a monolayer of cells; and
examining from below the transparent material at least a portion of the monolayer to determine a count of a specific cell of the whole blood, wherein the examining comprises:
directing illumination light to be incident on a surface of the transparent material at a first angle to the surface and obtaining a first image of the cells, wherein the first angle is selected to preferentially display a first subset of the cell types in the first image relative to the other cell types; and
directing illumination light to be incident on a surface of the transparent material at a second angle to the surface and obtaining a second image of the cells, wherein the second angle is selected to preferentially display a second subset of the cell types in the second image relative to the other cell types,
wherein the first and second subsets comprise at least one different type of cells.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aliquot is stained, diluted, or both.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aliquot is a stable droplet formed by a force selected from the group consisting of natural and external.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aliquot is examined with an inverted microscope.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the illumination light is selected from the group consisting of white light, monochromatic light of one wavelength, monochromatic light of multiple wavelengths between the ultraviolet spectrum and the infrared spectrum, and polarized light.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inverted microscope has changeable lenses and wherein the changeable lenses are selected from the group consisting of low magnification, high magnification, deep depth of field, and shallow depth of field.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the whole blood has a hemoglobin content, the method further comprising determining the hemoglobin content by measuring an absorption of a wavelength of the illumination light by the whole blood, and measuring a reflection of a wavelength of the illumination light by the whole blood.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using the count of a specific cell of the whole blood to calculate a parameter selected from the group consisting of hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, assessment of red blood cell morphology, white blood cell differential count, and assessment of abnormal white blood cell morphology.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining characteristics of the specific cell of the whole blood by a method selected from the group consisting of viewing the whole blood directly through a lens, viewing a digital image of the whole blood, and analyzing digital images of the whole blood automatically.
10. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first and second images of the cells are obtained by detecting light from the cells, the detected light comprising at least a portion of the illumination light.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first and second images correspond to reflected darkfield illumination of the cells.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of assessing blood cell morphology with computer image analysis for automatically calculating a Complete Blood Cell Count and a White Blood Cell differential.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising calculating at least one blood index selected from the group consisting of mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aliquot is a representative portion of the whole blood.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second images are obtained by detecting illumination light reflected from the cells.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second images are obtained by detecting illumination light transmitted through the cells.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first image is obtained by detecting illumination light reflected from the cells, and wherein the second image is obtained by detecting illumination light transmitted through the cells.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first image is obtained by detecting light from the cells propagating along a direction perpendicular to the surface of the transparent material.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first angle is selected to preferentially display white blood cells in the first image.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first angle is selected to preferentially display red blood cells in the first image.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first angle is selected to preferentially display platelets in the first image.
22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the second angle is selected to preferentially display red blood cells in the second image.
23. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining, for each of white blood cells and red blood cells in the sample, an illumination angle for preferentially displaying each cell type relative to other cell types in images of the sample.
24. The method of claim 23 , further comprising determining, for each of white blood cells and red blood cells in the sample, an illumination wavelength for preferentially displaying each cell type relative to other cell types in images of the sample.
25. The method of claim 1 , further comprising preparing the cells for examination by adding at least one of a dispersing agent and a colloidal agent to the cells to preferentially display the first subset of cell types in the first image.