Methods and apparatus for detecting a faulty component location along an optical path in an optical network
View Patent ↗A multi-stage method and apparatus for determining a faulty component location along an optical path through an optical fiber in an optical network are disclosed. A total power of the optical fiber, and a total wavelength power as a sum of powers of the individual wavelengths at a plurality of local detection points are measured and compared at the local detection points, followed by determining whether or not a faulty detection point exists along the optical path. If a fault is identified, the method provides a multi-stage fault detection procedure, including measuring a total wavelength power loss between a local detection point and an adjacent detection point, between the local detection point and multiple non-adjacent detection points, and a correlation of the measured total wavelength power losses between the various detection points. A corresponding apparatus for determining the faulty component location in the optical network is also provided.
1. A method for determining a faulty component location along an optical path through an optical fiber in an optical network, the optical fiber carrying a plurality of individual wavelengths, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) measuring a total power of the optical fiber at a plurality of local detection points along the optical path;
(b) measuring a total wavelength power of said individual wavelengths at each of said local detection points;
(c) if a discrepancy between the total power of the optical fiber in step (a) and the total wavelength power in step (b) exceeding an accuracy of measurements is detected at a local detection point, determining that a faulty detection point or a component may exist along the optical path;
(d) measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point adjacent to said local detection point; and
(e) for each pair of the local and adjacent detection points, if the loss of the total wavelength power in step (d) is greater than a reference loss value for the respective pair, determining one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the local detection point,
a fault occurs at the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point to said local detection point.
2. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the individual wavelengths are modulated by a low frequency dither tone for identification purposes and performance monitoring in the optical network, and wherein the step (a) is performed before modulating the wavelengths with the dither tones, and the steps (b) and (d) are performed after modulating the wavelengths with the dither tones.
3. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the step (c) comprises:
(p) computing a difference between the total power of the optical fiber (P total ) and the total wavelength power (P S ) of the individual wavelengths of said optical fiber, wherein the difference (Difference-in-Power) is given by the following formula:
Difference
-
in
-
Power
=
P
total
-
P
S
,
and
P
S
=
∑
j
=
1
M
P
j
,
wherein P j is an individual wavelength power for a j th wavelength, and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber; and
(q) if the difference in step (p) is greater than a predetermined value (X) and less than a pre-determined value (Y), determining that a faulty detection point or a component may exist along the optical path.
4. The method as described in claim 3 , wherein the pre-determined value (X) is about “3 dB”, and the pre-determined value (Y) is about “−1 dB”.
5. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the step (d) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
1
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
∑
j
=
1
M
(
P
k
j
-
P
k
+
1
j
)
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+1 j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+1), and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
6. The method as described in claim 5 , wherein the step (e) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V), wherein (V) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+1 | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
7. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein the pre-determined value (V) is about 1 dB.
8. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
9. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 .
10. The method as described in claim 1 , wherein the step (d) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
1
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
(
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
j
-
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
+
1
j
)
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+1 j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+1), and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
11. The method as described in claim 6 , wherein the step (e) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V), wherein (V) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+1 | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
12. The method as described in claim 11 , wherein the pre-determined value (V) is about 1 dB.
13. The method as described in claim 11 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
14. The method as described in claim 11 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 .
15. The method as described in claim 1 , further comprising:
(f) measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point which is non-adjacent to said local detection point; and
(g) for each pair of the local and non-adjacent detection points, if the loss of the total wavelength power in step (f) is less than a reference loss value for the respective pair, determining one or more of the following:
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.
16. The method as described in claim 15 , wherein the step (f) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
i
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
∑
j
=
1
M
(
P
k
j
-
P
k
+
i
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+i j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+i), i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path, and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
17. The method as described in claim 16 , wherein the step (g) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W), wherein (W) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+i| T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+i | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.
18. The method as described in claim 17 , wherein the pre-determined value (W) is about 1 dB.
19. The method as described in claim 17 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
20. The method as described in claim 17 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 , and i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path.
21. The method as described in claim 15 , wherein the step (f) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
i
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
(
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
j
-
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
+
i
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+i j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+i), i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path, and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
22. The method as described in claim 21 , wherein the step (g) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W), wherein (W) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+i | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.
23. The method as described in claim 22 , wherein the pre-determined value (W) is about 1 dB.
24. The method as described in claim 22 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
25. The method as described in claim 22 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 , and i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path.
26. A method for determining a faulty component location along an optical path through an optical fiber in an optical network, the optical fiber carrying a plurality of individual wavelengths, the method comprising the steps of:
(j) measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point adjacent to said local detection point;
(k) for each pair of the local and adjacent detection points, if the loss of the total wavelength power in step (j) is less than a reference loss value for the respective pair, determining one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the local detection point,
a fault occurs at the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point;
(l) measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between the local detection point and a detection point, which is non-adjacent to, said local detection point;
(m) for each pair of the local and non-adjacent detection points, if the loss of the total wavelengths power in step (l) is less than a reference loss value for the respective pair, determining one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the non-adjacent detection point,
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.
27. The method as described in claim 26 , wherein the individual wavelengths are modulated by a low frequency dither tone for identification purposes and performance monitoring in the optical network, and wherein the steps (j) and (l) are performed after modulating the wavelengths with the dither tones.
28. The method as described in claim 26 , wherein the step (j) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
1
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
∑
j
=
1
M
(
P
k
j
-
P
k
+
1
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+1 j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+1), and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
29. The method as described in claim 28 , wherein the step (k) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V), wherein (V) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+1 | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
30. The method as described in claim 29 , wherein the pre-determined value (V) is about 1 dB.
31. The method as described in claim 29 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
32. The method as described in claim 29 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 .
33. The method as described in claim 26 , wherein the step (j) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
1
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
(
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
j
-
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
+
1
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+1 j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+1), and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
34. The method as described in claim 33 , wherein the step (k) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V), wherein (V) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+1 | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+1 | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+1 | T1 |−V) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
35. The method as described in claim 34 , wherein the pre-determined value (V) is about 1 dB.
36. The method as described in claim 34 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
37. The method as described in claim 34 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+1 | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 .
38. The method as described in claim 26 , wherein the step (l) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
i
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
∑
j
=
1
M
(
P
k
j
-
P
k
+
i
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+i j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+i), i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path, and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
39. The method as described in claim 38 , wherein the step (m) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W), wherein (W) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+i | T2 in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+i | T1 −W) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
40. The method as described in claim 39 , wherein the pre-determined value (W) is about 1 dB.
41. The method as described in claim 39 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
42. The method as described in claim 39 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 , and i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path.
43. The method as described in claim 26 , wherein the step (l) comprises determining the loss of the total wavelength power as follows:
L
k
,
k
+
i
=
(
1
/
M
)
*
(
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
j
-
∑
j
=
1
M
P
k
+
i
j
)
,
wherein P k j is a power of a j th wavelength at the local detection point (k), P k+i j is a power of the j th wavelength at the adjacent detection point (k+i), i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path, and M is a number of wavelengths of said optical fiber.
44. The method as described in claim 43 , wherein the step (m) comprises:
(r) computing the loss of the total wavelength power at a pre-determined time (T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T1 );
(s) setting the respective reference loss value to be equal to (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W), wherein (W) equals to a pre-determined value;
(t) computing the total wavelength power loss at another pre-determined time (T 2 >T 1 ), (L k,k+i | T2 ); and
(u) if the |L k,k+i | T2 | in step (t) is less than the respective reference loss value (|L k,k+i | T1 |−W) in step (s), determining that a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
45. The method as described in claim 44 , wherein the pre-determined value (W) is about 1 dB.
46. The method as described in claim 44 , wherein T 2 is a current instance of time, and T 2 −T 1 =Δ, wherein Δ is one of the following:
(a) about 1 month;
(b) about 1 week;
(c) about 1 day;
(d) about 1 hour;
(e) about 1 minute; or
(f) about 1 second.
47. The method as described in claim 44 , wherein the step (r) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T1 ) values over a time interval ΔT 1 preceding T 1 , and the step (t) comprises averaging each of the respective (L k,k+i | T2 ) values over a time interval ΔT 2 preceding T 2 , and i=1, 2, . . . , N−1 and N is the total number of detection points along the optical path.
48. An apparatus for determining a faulty component location along an optical path through an optical fiber in an optical network, the optical fiber carrying a plurality of individual wavelengths, the apparatus comprising:
(1) at each of a plurality of local detection points along the optical path, a detector, measuring a total power of the optical fiber;
(2) at each of said local detection points, a detector, measuring a total wavelength power of said individual wavelengths;
(3) a comparator, comparing the total power of the optical fiber in step (1) and the total wavelength power in step (2) for each of said local detection points, and generating a message alert signal indicating that a faulty detection point may exist along the optical path, if a discrepancy between the total power of the optical fiber in step (1) and the total wavelength power in step (2) beyond an accuracy of measurements is detected;
(4) a detector, measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point adjacent to said local detection point; and
(5) a comparator, for each pair of the local and adjacent detection points comparing the loss of the total wavelength power with a respective reference loss value for the pair, and if the total wavelength power loss in step (4) is less than the respective reference loss value, generating a message alert signal indicating one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the local detection point,
a fault occurs at the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point.
49. The apparatus as described in claim 48 , further comprising:
(6) a detector, measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point which is non-adjacent to said local detection point; and
(7) a comparator, for each pair of the local and non-adjacent detection points comparing the loss of the total wavelength power with a respective reference loss value for the pair, and if the total wavelength power loss in step (6) is less than the respective reference loss value, generating a message alert signal for one or more of the following:
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.
50. A apparatus for determining a faulty component location along an optical path through an optical fiber in an optical network, the optical fiber carrying a plurality of individual wavelengths, the apparatus comprising:
(i) a detector, measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between a local detection point and a detection point adjacent to said local detection point;
(ii) a comparator, for each pair of the local and adjacent detection points comparing the loss of the total wavelength power with a respective reference loss value for the pair, and if the total wavelengths power loss in step (i) is less than the respective reference loss value, generating a message alert signal for one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the local detection point,
a fault occurs at the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point;
(iii) a detector, measuring a loss of a total wavelength power between the local detection point and a detection point, which is non-adjacent to, said local detection point;
(iv) a comparator, for each pair of the local and non-adjacent detection points comparing the loss of the total wavelength power with a respective reference loss value for the pair, and if the total wavelengths power loss in step (iii) is less than the respective reference loss value, generating a message alert signal for one or more of the following:
a fault occurs at the non-adjacent detection point,
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the adjacent detection point, and
a faulty component is located between the local detection point and the non-adjacent detection point.