Switches having wettable surfaces comprising a material that does not form alloys with a switching fluid, and method of making same
View Patent ↗Disclosed is a switch having first and second mated substrates defining therebetween a number of cavities. A plurality of wettable surfaces is deposited in one or more of the cavities. A switching fluid, held within one or more of the cavities, serves to connect and disconnect at least a pair of the wettable surfaces in response to forces that are applied to the switching fluid. The wettable surfaces are formed at least in part of a material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid.
1. A switch, comprising:
first and second mated substrates defining therebetween a number of cavities;
a plurality of wettable surfaces deposited in one or more of the cavities; and
a switching fluid, held within one or more of the cavities, that serves to connect and disconnect at least a pair of the wettable surfaces in response to forces that are applied to the switching fluid;
wherein the wettable surfaces comprise a material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid.
2. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid has a solubility in mercury of less than or equal to about 10 −6 % by atomic ratio at about room temperature.
3. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid has a Standard Gibbs energy of formation greater than or equal to about −430 kJ/mole O 2 .
4. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid has a Standard Gibbs energy of formation of greater than or equal to about −250 kJ/mole O 2 .
5. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid has a Standard Gibbs energy of formation of greater than or equal to about −200 kJ/mole O 2 .
6. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid has a solubility in mercury of less than about 10 −6 % by atomic ratio at about room temperature and a Standard Gibbs energy of formation of greater than or equal to about −200 kJ/mole O 2 .
7. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid comprises iridium.
8. The switch of claim 7 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury or a mercury alloy.
9. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises gallium, a gallium alloy, or potassium sodium.
10. The switch of claim 1 , further comprising at least one adhesion layer, deposited in the one or more cavities defined by the first and second substrates, to adhere the wettable surfaces to one or both of the substrates.
11. The switch of claim 10 , wherein the at least one adhesion layer comprises tantalum, chromium, or titanium.
12. The switch of claim 1 , further comprising at least one cap layer, deposited on the wettable surfaces, to mitigate oxidation of the wettable surfaces.
13. The switch of claim 12 , wherein the at least one cap layer has a higher solubility in the switching fluid than do the wettable surfaces.
14. The switch of claim 12 , wherein the at least one cap layer comprises gold.
15. The switch of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the wettable surfaces forms part of a conductive runner that extends from within to outside of the number of cavities defined between the first and second substrates.
16. The switch of claim 15 , wherein the first and second substrates further define therebetween a second number of cavities, and wherein the conductive runner extends into at least one of the second number of cavities.
17. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the wettable surfaces consist essentially of the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid.
18. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the wettable surfaces further comprise a material that does form alloys with the switching fluid, but which has a conductivity greater than that of the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid.
19. The switch of claim 18 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury, and wherein the material that does form alloys with the switching fluid comprises platinum.
20. The switch of claim 1 , wherein the switching fluid comprises mercury, and wherein the material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid does not form amalgams with mercury.
21. A method for making a switch, comprising:
depositing a plurality of wettable surfaces on one or both of a first and second substrate; and
mating the first and second substrates to define therebetween a number of cavities, and to seal therebetween a switching fluid that makes contact with the wettable surfaces;
wherein the wettable surfaces comprise a material that does not form alloys with the switching fluid.
22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising, before mating the first and second substrates, depositing at least one cap layer on the wettable surfaces, the at least one cap layer serving to mitigate oxidation of the wettable surfaces in the absence of contact with the switching fluid.