Apparatus for providing a rammed aggregate pier
View Patent ↗A primary earth penetrating mandrel formed of a hollow shell steel plate octagonal in cross-section has an upper end and a blunt lower end joined by an upwardly and outwardly tapered wall. The mandrel is driven downwardly in the earth to simultaneously form a vertical tapered cavity while compacting the sidewall of the cavity to provide structural integrity. The mandrel is then moved upwardly from the bottom of the cavity and aggregate is deposited in the bottom of the cavity following which the mandrel is lowered so that its blunt lower end engages the deposited aggregate and densifies the aggregate by vertical vibratory action and static force with these steps being repeated until the pier top is near the surface of the earth at which time the upper aggregate portions are densified by either the primary mandrel or a secondary mandrel having a substantially larger lower end surface than the lower end surface of the primary mandrel. A second embodiment includes a conduit in the primary mandrel for injecting concrete or grout into aggregate previously deposited in the cavity.
1. A mandrel for forming aggregate piers, comprising a substantially hollow steel shell elongated body having an upper end, a central axis, a blunt lower end with a sacrificial bottom cap configured to prevent clogging of the mandrel during soil penetration and to be left in place at a bottom of the pier during pier construction, an outer surface with a continuous outer perimeter and which tapers inwardly from adjacent said upper end to said lower end at a taper of less than about 5.0 degrees relative to the central axis, and a conduit extending internally of the body from the body upper end to an aperture in the body lower end generally along said central axis, the conduit being configured to deliver aggregate through the body lower end and to obviate withdrawal of the mandrel prior to the delivery of said aggregate, said elongated body configured to form an elongated hole in a ground surface while densifying soil in sidewall surfaces of said hole through direct engagement of said outer surface with said sidewall surfaces, and further configured to compact said aggregate placed in said hole such that said aggregate penetrates said sidewall surfaces through direct engagement of said mandrel with said aggregate.
2. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein the conduit is configured to deliver aggregate, concrete, or grout and the elongated body is configured to compact the aggregate, concrete, or grout placed in the hole such that the aggregate, concrete, or grout penetrates the sidewall surfaces through direct engagement of the mandrel with the aggregate, concrete, or grout.
3. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein said elongated tapered body has an articulated horizontal cross section.
4. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein said substantially hollow steel shell includes an upper half-shell component and a lower half-shell component joined together by a weld at a transverse juncture plane.
5. The mandrel of claim 4 , wherein the upper half-shell has a lower end facing an upper end of the lower half-shell and a transverse upper bulkhead juncture plate welded to and extending below the lower end of the upper half-shell, and the lower half-shell has a transverse lower bulkhead juncture plate welded to and extending upwardly above its upper end in facing contact with the lower end of the transverse upper bulkhead juncture plate and a circumferential weld extending about the outer peripheries of the upper and lower bulkhead juncture plates permanently connecting the upper bulkhead juncture plate to the lower bulkhead juncture plate and the lower end of the upper half-shell component to the upper end of the lower half-shell component.
6. The mandrel of claim 3 , wherein said articulated horizontal cross section has a shape selected from the group consisting of square, pentagonal, hexagonal, and octagonal.
7. The mandrel of claim 1 , further comprising a short secondary tamping mandrel having a cross section dimension equal to at least 75% of a body upper end cross section dimension.
8. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein the tapered outer surface has a plurality of panels flaring upwardly and outwardly above the blunt lower end so as to define the inward taper of the tapered outer surface.
9. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein said elongated body is a unitary hollow steel shell including a plurality of planar panels flaring upwardly and outwardly from and above the blunt lower end.
10. The mandrel of claim 1 , further comprising a peripheral circular flange extending completely around the body upper end to inhibit upward movement of surficial soil during mandrel penetration to an embedded position.
11. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein said elongated body includes a tapered lower section and an untapered upper section.
12. The mandrel of claim 1 , wherein said outer surface tapers inwardly by between about 1.0 and about 5.0 degrees relative to the central axis.
13. A mandrel for forming aggregate piers comprising a substantially hollow steel shell elongated body having a central axis, a straight-sided untapered upper section, a tapered lower section, a blunt lower end with a sacrificial bottom cap configured to prevent clogging of the mandrel during soil penetration and to be left in place at a bottom of the pier during pier construction, and a conduit extending internally of the body from a body upper end to an aperture in a body lower end generally along said central axis, the conduit being configured to deliver aggregate through the body lower end and to obviate withdrawal of the mandrel prior to the delivery of said aggregate, said tapered lower section having an outer surface with a continuous outer perimeter and which tapers inwardly from adjacent an upper end to adjacent said lower end by between about 1.0 and about 5.0 degrees relative to the central axis, said elongated body configured to form an elongated hole in a ground surface while densifying soil in sidewall surfaces of said hole through direct engagement of said outer surface with said sidewall surfaces, and further configured to compact said aggregate placed in said hole such that said aggregate penetrates said sidewall surfaces through direct engagement of said mandrel with said aggregate.
14. A mandrel system for forming an aggregate pier, comprising a substantially hollow steel shell elongated primary mandrel and a short secondary tamping mandrel, said primary mandrel having an upper end, a central axis, a blunt lower end with a sacrificial bottom cap configured to prevent clogging of the mandrel during soil penetration and to be left in place at a bottom of the pier during pier construction, an outer surface with a continuous outer perimeter, at least a major portion of said outer surface tapering inwardly toward said lower end by between about 1.0 and about 5.0 degrees relative to the central axis, and a conduit extending internally of the shell from the upper end to an aperture in the lower end generally along said central axis, the conduit being configured to deliver aggregate through the lower end and to obviate withdrawal of the mandrel prior to the delivery of said aggregate, said primary mandrel configured to form an elongated hole in a ground surface, densify soil in a sidewall surface of said hole to provide a self-supporting sidewall, and compact said aggregate placed in a lower portion of said hole, said secondary tamping mandrel configured to compact aggregate in an upper portion of said hole and having a larger compacting surface lower end than the blunt lower end of said primary mandrel.
15. The mandrel of claim 14 , wherein said secondary mandrel has a blunt lower end larger than the primary mandrel blunt lower end.
16. The mandrel of claim 14 , wherein said secondary mandrel has a cross section dimension equal to at least 75% of a cross section dimension of said upper end of said primary mandrel.
17. A mandrel for forming an aggregate pier of thin lifts, comprising a substantially hollow steel shell elongated body having an upper end, a central axis, a blunt lower end with a sacrificial bottom cap configured to prevent clogging of the mandrel during soil penetration and to be left in place at a bottom of the pier during pier construction, an outer surface with a continuous outer perimeter tapering inwardly from adjacent said upper end to said lower end at a taper of less than about 5.0 degrees relative to said central axis, and a conduit extending internally of the body from the body upper end to an aperture in the body lower end generally along said central axis, the conduit being configured to deliver aggregate through the body lower end and to obviate withdrawal of the mandrel prior to the delivery of said aggregate, said elongated body configured to form an elongated hole in a ground surface with a self-supporting sidewall and to sequentially compact said aggregate delivered into said hole so as to form a vertically compacted series of said thin lifts which penetrate said sidewall by direct engagement of said mandrel with said aggregate.
18. The mandrel according to claim 17 , wherein said elongated body imparts a lateral radial force to a surface of said self-supporting sidewall.