Synthesis of hydroxylated hydrocarbons
Ethylene glycol, other diols, triols, and polyols are made in an efficient manner by reacting dibromides with water in the presence of a metal oxide. An integrated process of dibromide formation, alcohol synthesis, metal oxide regeneration, and bromine recycling is also provided.
1 . A method of making a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups, comprising:
allowing a brominated hydrocarbon having at least two bromine atoms to react with water or steam in the presence of a metal oxide to form a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups.
2 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is saturated.
3 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is unsaturated.
4 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is aliphatic.
5 . A method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon comprises an alkyl dibromide.
6 . A method as recited in claim 5 , wherein the alkyl dibromide is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-dibromoethane, 1,2-dibromopropane, 1,3-dibromopropane, 1,4-dibromobutane, and mixtures thereof.
7 . A method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon comprises 1,4-dibromo-2-butene.
8 . A method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon comprises 1,2,3-tribromopropane.
9 . A method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon comprises 2,3,4,5-tetrabromohexane.
10 . A method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon comprises a poly-brominated polyolefin having a molecular weight prior to bromination of about 250-5000.
11 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is aromatic.
12 . A method as recited in claim 11 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of o-, m-, and p-dibromobenzene, and mixtures thereof.
13 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon is mixed aliphatic-aromatic.
14 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon has the formula
BrCH 2 CH(Br)—R, where R is hydrogen, C 1-16 alkyl, or phenyl.
15 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the brominated hydrocarbon has the formula
R—CH(Br)—CH(Br)—R′, where R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-16 alkyl, and phenyl.
16 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of copper oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, nickel oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide, vanadium oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, zinc oxide, lanthanum oxide, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, and mixtures thereof.
17 . A method as recited in claim 16 , wherein the metal oxide is doped with one or more alkali metals.
18 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is alkali-doped.
19 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of CuO, MgO, Y 2 O 3 , NiO, Co 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and mixtures thereof.
20 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises one or more alkali metal-doped mixed copper, magnesium, yttrium, nickel, cobalt, or iron oxide.
21 . A method as recited in claim 20 , wherein the metal oxide(s) is doped to contain 5-20 mol % alkali.
22 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is doped with one or more alkali metal bromides.
23 . A method as recited in claim 22 , wherein the metal oxide is doped to contain 5-20 mol % alkali.
24 . A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide is supported on zirconia, titania, alumina, silica, or another suitable support material.
25 . A method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising regenerating the metal oxide using air or oxygen.
26 . A method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising separating the hydroxylated hydrocarbon from any metal bromide formed in the reaction of the brominated hydrocarbon water or steam.
27 . A method of making a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups, comprising:
(a) brominating a hydrocarbon to form a brominated hydrocarbon having at least two bromine atoms; and
(b) forming a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups by allowing the brominated hydrocarbon to react with water or steam in the presence of a metal oxide.
28 . A method as recited in claim 27 , further comprising separating the hydroxylated hydrocarbon from any metal bromide formed in the reaction of the brominated hydrocarbon water or steam.
29 . A method as recited in claim 28 , further comprising regenerating the metal oxide and bromine by allowing the metal bromide to react with air or oxygen.
30 . A method as recited in claim 27 , wherein the hydrocarbon is brominated using Br 2 .
31 . A method as recited in claim 27 , wherein the hydrocarbon comprises natural gas.
32 . A method as recited in claim 27 , wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an alkane.
33 . A method as recited in claim 27 , wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an alkene.
34 . A method as recited in claim 27 , wherein the hydrocarbon comprises an alkyne.
35 . A method as recited in claim 34 , wherein the hydrocarbon is brominated using hydrogen bromide.
36 . A method of making a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups, comprising:
(a) forming hydrogen bromide by allowing molecular bromine to react with molecular hydrogen or a source of hydrogen atoms;
(b) forming a brominated hydrocarbon having at least two bromine atoms by allowing an alkyne to react with the hydrogen bromide; and
(c) forming a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having two or more hydroxyl groups by allowing the brominated hydrocarbon to react with water or steam in the presence of a metal oxide.
37 . A method as recited in claim 36 , further comprising regenerating the metal oxide and/or hydrogen bromide.
38 . A method of making a hydroxylated hydrocarbon having a formula R—CH(OH)CH(OH)—R′, where R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-16 alkyl, and phenyl, comprising:
allowing a brominated hydrocarbon having a formula R—CH(Br)—CH(Br)—R′, where R and R′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-16 alkyl, and phenyl, to react with water or steam in the presence of a metal oxide to form the hydroxylated hydrocarbon.