Grating-stabilized semiconductor laser
A grating-stabilized semiconductor laser comprises a semiconductor laser gain medium, an integrated low-index waveguide, and a waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback for laser oscillation. The laser may be adapted for multi-mode or single-mode operation. A multiple-mode laser may oscillate with reduced power and/or wavelength fluctuations associated with longitudinal mode wavelength shifts, relative to Fabry-Perot lasers lacking gratings. A single-mode laser may include a compensator, wavelength reference, and detector for generating an error signal, and a feedback mechanism for controlling the compensator for maintaining the laser wavelength locked to the reference. The laser may include means for altering, enhancing, tuning, and/or stabilizing the waveguide grating reflectivity spectral profile. The laser may be adapted for optical transverse-coupling to another waveguide.
1. A laser, comprising:
a laser gain medium having a first end face and a second end face;
a low-index optical waveguide integrated with the laser gain medium on a laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the first end face; and
a waveguide grating segment optically coupled to the laser gain medium through the integrated waveguide, the waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode,
wherein the first end face of the laser gain medium is greater than about 5% reflecting and provides, together with the waveguide grating segment, optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode.
2. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the reflectivity of the first end face of the laser gain medium is greater than about 10%.
3. The laser of claim 1 , wherein the reflectivity of the first end face of the laser gain medium arises from index contrast between the laser gain medium and the integrated low-index waveguide.
4. The laser of claim 1 , wherein an effective reflectivity yielded by the waveguide grating segment, optical loss at the first end face of the laser gain medium end face, and reflectivity of the first end face of the laser gain medium exceeds an effective reflectivity yielded by the waveguide grating segment and optical loss at the first end face of the laser gain medium in the absence of reflectivity at the first end face of the laser gain medium.
5. The laser of claim 1 , further comprising a phase compensator for altering the effective optical path length between the waveguide grating segment and the first end face of the laser gain medium, thereby altering an effective reflectivity of the second laser resonator mirror.
6. The laser of claim 5 , wherein the phase compensator is chosen from a set of phase compensators having discrete relative phase shifts ranging between 0 and 22π.
7. The laser of claim 5 , wherein the phase compensator provides a variable phase shift in response to a control signal.
8. The laser of claim 5 , wherein the phase compensator is structurally altered during fabrication of the laser so as to provide a desired phase shift.
9. A laser, comprising:
a laser pain medium formed on a laser substrate and having a first end face and a second end face;
a low-index optical waveguide integrally formed on the laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the first end face;
a waveguide grating segment optically coupled to the laser gain medium through the integrated waveguide, the waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode; and
a reflective coating between the waveguide grating segment and a substrate on which the waveguide grating segment is formed.
10. The laser of claim 9 , wherein a lower cladding thickness of the waveguide grating segment is selected so as to at least partially suppress diffraction into an unwanted diffracted order of the waveguide grating segment.
11. A laser, comprising:
a laser gain medium having a first end face and a second end face;
a low-index optical waveguide integrated with the laser gain medium on a laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the first end face; and
a waveguide grating segment optically coupled to the laser gain medium through the integrated waveguide, the waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode,
wherein the waveguide grating segment forms a portion of the integrated optical waveguide, and the integrated waveguide further comprises a segment, distal to the waveguide grating segment, adapted for transverse-transfer of optical power with another similarly adapted waveguide assembled therewith.
12. The laser of claim 11 , further comprising a second waveguide assembled with the laser so as to establish optical transverse-transfer between the integrated waveguide and the second waveguide at a portion of the integrated waveguide distal to the waveguide grating segment.
13. A laser, comprising:
a laser gain medium having a first end face and a second end face;
a low-index optical waveguide integrated with the laser gain medium on a laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the first end face; and
a waveguide grating segment optically coupled to the laser gain medium through the integrated waveguide, the waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode,
wherein the waveguide grating segment forms a portion of a second optical waveguide, the second waveguide is provided on a waveguide grating substrate separate from the laser substrate, and the laser substrate and the waveguide grating substrate are assembled so as to establish optical transverse-transfer between the integrated waveguide and the second waveguide.
14. A laser, comprising:
a laser gain medium having a first end face and a second end face;
a low-index optical waveguide integrated with the laser gain medium on a laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the first end face;
a waveguide grating segment optically coupled to the laser gain medium through the integrated waveguide, the waveguide grating segment providing optical feedback into the laser gain medium to support laser oscillation in at least one optical mode;
a second optical waveguide optically coupled with the laser gain medium through the second end face; and
a second integrated optical waveguide integrated with the laser gain medium on the laser substrate and optically end-coupled at its proximal end with the laser gain medium at the second end face,
wherein the second waveguide is provided on a waveguide substrate separate from the laser substrate, and the laser substrate and the waveguide substrate are assembled so as to establish optical transverse-transfer between the second integrated waveguide and the second waveguide.