Method for making flat and high-density cathode for use in electrochemical cells
The traditional method of pressing CF x , screen and SVO sheet assembly results in an electrode that is cupped and not flat. This results in the reduction of the effective volumetric energy density of the electrode or the addition of a process step of flattening of the cathode if at all possible. The new method of assembly effectively eliminates the cupping behavior and produces a flat electrode. In addition, the physical density of the cathode is also increased.
1. A method for providing an electrochemical cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing an anode;
b) providing a cathode comprising the steps of:
i) pressing a first cathode active material having a relatively high energy density but a relatively low rate capability at a first pressure to form a first cathode active material blank;
ii) positioning the first cathode active blank in a pressing fixture contacting a first major side of a first cathode current collector and a second cathode active blank of a material having a relatively low energy density but a relatively high rate capability contacting a second, opposite major side of the first cathode current collector to form a cathode assembly; and
iii) pressing the cathode assembly at a second pressure that is less than the first pressure;
c) providing a separator intermediate the anode and cathode in electrical association with each other; and
d) activating the anode and cathode with a electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 including providing the first pressure at about 0.1 tons/cm 2 to about 10 tons/cm 2 .
3. The method of claim 1 including performing the first and second pressings for a dwell time of about 2 seconds to about 60 seconds at maximum pressure.
4. The method of claim 1 including providing the second cathode active material having first and second sides, the first side contacting the cathode current collector and the second side cupping by about 5%, or less.
5. The method of claim 1 including selecting the first cathode active material from CF x and C 2 F.
6. The method of claim 1 including selecting the second cathode active material from the group consisting of SVO, CSVO, V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , CuO 2 , TiS 2 , Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , copper vanadium oxide and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the anode is lithium, the first cathode active material is CF x , and the second cathode active material is SVO.
8. The method of claim 1 including positioning a second cathode current collector in the pressing fixture with its first major side contacting the first cathode active blank opposite the first cathode current collector and a third cathode active material blank having first and second sides, the first side contacting the second major side of the second cathode current collector and further including pressing this assembly at a third pressure no greater than the first pressure with the second side of the third cathode active blank not contacting the second current collector cupping by about 5%, or less.
9. The method of claim 8 including providing the first and second current collectors being of titanium having a layer of graphite/carbon contacted thereto.
10. The method of claim 1 including providing the current collector having a thickness from about 0.001 inches to about 0.01 inches.
11. The method of claim 1 including providing the anode of lithium in the form of at least one plate comprising an anode current collector electrically connected to a casing as its terminal and the cathode connected to a cathode terminal insulated from the casing.
12. A method for providing an implantable medical device, comprising the steps of:
a) providing the implantable medical device except for its power source;
b) providing a power source comprising an anode and a cathode housed inside a casing and segregated from direct contact with each other by an intermediate separator, the anode and cathode being activated by an electrolyte, providing the cathode comprising the steps of:
i) pressing a first cathode active material having a relatively high energy density but a relatively low rate capability at a first pressure to for a first cathode active material blank;
ii) positioning the first cathode active blank in a pressing fixture contacting a first major side of a first cathode current collector and a second cathode active blank of a material having a relatively low energy density but a relatively high rate capability contacting a second, opposite major side of the first cathode current collector to form a cathode assembly; and
iii) pressing the cathode assembly at a second pressure that is less than the first pressure; and
c) electrically connecting the power source to the medical device to provide a functional implantable medical device.
13. The method of claim 12 including selecting the implantable medical device from the group consisting of cardiac pacemakers, cardiac defibrillators, neurostimulators, drug pumps, and hearing assist devices.
14. A method for providing an electrochemical cell, comprising the steps of:
a) providing an anode;
b) providing a cathode comprising the steps of:
i) pressing a first cathode active material selected from CF x and C 2 F at a first pressure to form a first cathode active material blank;
ii) positioning the first cathode active blank in a pressing fixture contacting a first major side of a first cathode current collector and a second cathode active blank of a material selected from the group consisting of SVO, CSVO, V 2 O 5 , MnO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , CuO 2 , TiS 2 , Cu 2 S, FeS, FeS 2 , copper vanadium oxide and mixtures thereof contacting a second, opposite major side of the first cathode current collector to form a cathode assembly; and
iii) pressing the cathode assembly at a second pressure that is less than the first pressure;
c) providing a separator intermediate the anode and cathode in electrical association with each other; and
d) activating the anode and cathode with a electrolyte.
15. The method of claim 14 including providing the first pressure at about 0.1 tons/cm 2 to about 10 tons/cm 2 .
16. The method of claim 14 including providing the first pressure at about 0.2 tons/cm 2 to about 6 tons/cm 2 .
17. The method of claim 14 including performing the first and second pressings for a dwell time of about 2 seconds to about 60 seconds at maximum pressure.
18. The method of claim 14 including providing the second cathode active material having first and second sides, the first side contacting the cathode current collector and the second side cupping by about 5%, or less.
19. The method of claim 14 including pressing the first cathode active material at the first pressure being about 4.56 tons/cm 2 and then pressing the cathode assembly at the second pressure being about 3.61 tons/cm 2 .