Aerosolizable formulation comprising nicotine
An aerosolizable formulation comprises free-base nicotine, an organic acid, and a hydrofluoroalkane propellant. The organic acid is present in a mole ratio with said nicotine in a range of about 0.25:1 (organic acid:nicotine) to about 4:1 (organic acid:nicotine). The organic acid and said free-base nicotine form a nicotine salt. An equivalent mixture of free-base nicotine and organic acid in water has a pH between about pH 3.0 and about pH 9.0. The aerosolizable formulation is aerosolizable, for example, by a metered dose inhaler for administration to a user.
1 . An aerosolizable formulation comprising:
free-base nicotine;
an organic acid, wherein (a) said organic acid is present in a mole ratio with said nicotine in a range of about 0.25:1 (organic acid:nicotine) to about 4:1 (organic acid:nicotine), (b) said organic acid and said free-base nicotine form a nicotine salt, and (c) an equivalent mixture of free-base nicotine and organic acid in water has a pH between about pH 3.0 and about pH 9.0; and
a hydrofluoroalkane propellant.
2 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the formulation comprises about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent of nicotine; about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent of organic acid; and about 90 to about 99.98 weight percent of propellant.
3 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 further comprising a co-solvent.
4 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 3 wherein said co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, iso-pentane, neo-pentane, n-hexane, diethyl ether, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glycol ethers, glycerol, polyoxyethylene alcohols, and polyoxtethylene fatty acid esters.
5 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 4 wherein said co-solvent is selected from the group consisting of propanol, isopropanol, and ethanol.
6 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 4 wherein said co-solvent is ethanol.
7 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 3 wherein the formulation comprises about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent of nicotine; about 0.01 to about 5 weight percent of organic acid; about 75 to about 99.97 weight percent of propellant; and about 0.01 to about 15 weight percent of co-solvent.
8 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein said organic acid is a carboxylic or dicarboxylic acid.
9 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 8 wherein said organic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, citric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, phenylacetic acid, benzoic acid, tartaric acid, bitartaric acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, finnaric acid, gluconic acid, saccharic acid, malonic acid, and malic acid.
10 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 9 wherein said organic acid is propionic acid or lactic acid.
11 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 8 wherein said organic acid comprises polyethylene glycol.
12 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 11 wherein said organic acid is polyethylene glycol-propionic acid.
13 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 11 wherein said polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of between about 200 and about 1000.
14 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 11 wherein said polyethylene glycol has an average molecular weight of about 550.
15 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the pKa of said organic acid is about 3 and about 6.
16 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein said organic acid comprises more than one organic acid.
17 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 , wherein the mole ratio of organic acid to nicotine is between about 0.5 to about 2.0.
18 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the mole ratio of organic acid to nicotine is between about 1.0 to 1.5.
19 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the formulation comprises more than one form of nicotine.
20 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein said hydrofluoroalkane propellant is selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134(a)), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3,-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227), difluoromethane (HFC-32), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143(a)), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), and combinations thereof.
21 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 20 wherein said hydrofluoroalkane propellant is selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134(a)), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3,-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227), and combinations thereof.
22 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein greater than about 50% of the free base nicotine is converted to a nicotine salt in combination with said organic acid.
23 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein greater than about 80% of the free base nicotine is converted to a nicotine salt in combination with said organic acid.
24 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein greater than about 90% of the free base nicotine is converted to a nicotine salt in combination with said organic acid.
25 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein greater than about 95% of the free base nicotine is converted to a nicotine salt in combination with said organic acid.
26 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein greater than about 98% of the free base nicotine is converted to a nicotine salt in combination with said organic acid.
27 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the solution comprises less than about 10% non-dissolved particles.
28 . An aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 wherein the solution is substantially a single-phase solution.
29 . An aerosolization apparatus comprising:
a canister comprising an aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1 , said formulation being under pressure;
a metering valve, and
an actuator.
30 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the aerosolizable formulation in said metered canister is a substantially homogenous solution.
31 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein the aerosolizable formulation in said metered canister is substantially a single-phase solution.
32 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein a single metered dose of nicotine per administered aerosol puff is between about 20 μg and about 400 μg of nicotine.
33 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein a mass median aerodynamic diameter of particles comprising nicotine is between about 1.0 μm and about 4.0 μm.
34 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein a fine particle dose percent of less than 4.7 μm of particles comprising nicotine is between about 30% to about 90%.
35 . An aerosolization apparatus according to claim 29 wherein a percentage throat deposition of nicotine relative to the total dose of nicotine delivered per aerosol puff is less than about 30%.
36 . A method of manufacturing an aerosolization apparatus for administering aerosolized nicotine to a user, the method comprising:
combining to form an aerosolizable formulation: (i) free-base nicotine, (ii) an organic acid, wherein (a) said organic acid is present in a mole ratio with said nicotine in a range of about 0.25:1 (organic acid:nicotine) to about 4:1 (organic acid:nicotine), (b) said organic acid and said free-base nicotine form a nicotine salt, and (c) an equivalent mixture of free-base nicotine and organic acid in water has a pH between about pH 3.0 and about pH 9.0, and (iii) a hydrofluoroalkane propellant;
filling a canister under pressure with an appropriate amount of said aerosolizable formulation; and
sealing said canister.
37 . A method according to claim 36 further comprising inserting a metering valve in or near the canister.
38 . A method according to claim 37 further comprising inserting an actuator on or near the metering valve.
39 . A method according to claim 36 wherein said combining step further comprises adding a co-solvent to the aerosolizable formulation.
40 . A method of treating nicotine addiction in a subject comprising:
aerosolizing an aerosolizable formulation according to claim 1; and
administering the aerosolized formulation to the respiratory tract of the subject during the subject's inhalation.
41 . A method according to claim 40 wherein a dose of nicotine per administered aerosol puff is between about 20 μg and about 400 μg of nicotine.