Differential protein expression patterns related to disease states
The present invention is a method for determining protein expression profiles in disease or an altered biological state. The method is based on the use of two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis where the gel images are assigned two different colors. The gels are then compared by an overlay procedure that allows for identification and quantification of unique proteins by determining which colors are detected in the superimposed images and the density of those colors.
1 . A method for determining an altered pattern of protein expression comprising:
a) collecting a biological sample from an individual having an altered biological state;
b) performing a two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic separation of a plurality of proteins in the biological sample to produce a sample 2D gel pattern;
c) coloring the sample 2D gel pattern a first color;
d) superimposing the sample 2D gel pattern over a control 2D gel pattern colored a second color, wherein the control 2D gel pattern represents a standard protein expression pattern of a control sample collected from an individual free of the altered biological state;
e) aligning a set of standard proteins in the sample 2D gel pattern and the control 2D gel pattern to form an aligned overlay; and
f) conducting an image analysis of the aligned overlay to identify and quantify a set of protein variations in the sample 2D gel pattern that differ from the control 2D gel pattern, whereby the set of protein variations is indicative of the altered biological state.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the altered biological state is a cancerous condition.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the altered biological state is breast cancer.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the altered biological state is a nuerodegenerative disease.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the altered biological state is ALS, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease.
6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising separating a protein fraction from the biological sample prior to performing the 2D electrophoretic separation of the proteins.
7 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the protein fraction is separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid, acetone, ethanol, or a combination of the same.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample 2D gel pattern and the control 2D gel pattern are colored with visible stains.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising staining the sample 2D gel pattern.
10 . The method of claim 9 , wherein the sample 2D gel pattern is stained with a fluorescent stain.
11 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising digitalizing an image of the stained sample 2D gel pattern.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the digitalized image is colored the first color.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein a digitalized image of the sample 2D gel pattern is electronically colored the first color and a digitized image of the control 2D gel pattern is electronically colored the second color.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first color and the second color are at opposed ends of the color spectra.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional electrophoretic separation comprises a separation by isoelectric point followed by a separation by molecular weight.
16 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
g) performing steps a)-f) on a number of biological samples from individuals having the altered biological state; and
h) preparing a composite gel pattern of the set of protein variations found in the biological samples.
17 . A method for screening for an altered biological state comprising:
a) collecting a biological sample from a subject;
b) performing a two-dimensional (2D) electrophoretic separation of a plurality of proteins in the biological sample to produce a sample 2D gel pattern;
c) coloring the sample 2D gel pattern a first color;
d) superimposing the sample 2D gel pattern over a control 2D gel pattern colored a second color, wherein the control 2D gel pattern represents a standard protein expression pattern of a control sample collected from an individual free of the altered biological state;
e) aligning a standard protein in the sample 2D gel pattern with the standard protein in the control 2D gel pattern to form an aligned overlay; and
f) conducting an image analysis of the overlay to identify and quantify a set of protein variations in the sample 2D gel pattern that differ from the control 2D gel pattern, whereby the set of protein variations is indicative of the altered biological state.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the altered biological state is a cancerous condition.
19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the altered biological state is breast cancer.
20 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the altered biological state is a nuerodegenerative disease.
21 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the altered biological state is ALS, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease.
22 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising separating a protein fraction from the biological sample prior to performing the 2D electrophoretic separation of the proteins.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the protein fraction is separated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid, acetone, ethanol, or a combination of the same.
24 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the sample 2D gel pattern and the control 2D gel pattern are colored with visible stains.
25 . The method of claim 17 , further comprising staining the sample 2D gel pattern.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the sample 2D gel pattern is stained with a fluorescent stain.
27 . The method of claim 25 , further comprising digitalizing an image of the stained sample 2D gel pattern.
28 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the digitalized image is colored the first color.
29 . The method of claim 25 , wherein a digitalized image of the sample 2D gel pattern and the control 2D gel pattern are electronically colored the first color and the second color.
30 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the first color and the second color are at opposed ends of the color spectra.
31 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the two-dimensional electrophoretic separation comprises a separation by isoelectric point followed by a separation by molecular weight.
32 . A method of using protein expression patterns to diagnose an altered biological state comprising:
a) collecting a biological sample from a patient;
b) performing a two dimensional (2D) electrophoretic separation of a plurality of proteins in the biological sample to produce a sample 2D gel pattern;
c) superimposing the sample 2D gel pattern over a composite gel pattern of protein expression determined according to claim 16 to form a gel pattern overlay; and
d) conducting an image analysis of the overlay to diagnose the patient.
33 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the altered biological state is a cancerous condition.
34 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the altered biological state is breast cancer.
35 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the altered biological state is a nuerodegenerative disease.
36 . The method of claim 32 , wherein the altered biological state is ALS, Parkinson's disease, or Alzheimer's disease.
37 . A method for determining a pattern of protein expression for an altered biological state comprising:
a) collecting a first biological sample known to exhibit the altered biological state;
b) collecting a second biological sample known not to exhibit the altered biological state;
c) precipitating a first protein fraction from the first sample and a second protein fraction from the second sample;
d) performing a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of the first protein fraction to produce a first 2D gel pattern;
e) performing a two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of the second protein fraction to produce a second 2D gel pattern;
f) staining the first 2D gel pattern a first color and the second 2D gel pattern a second color;
g) superimposing the first 2D gel pattern over the second 2D gel pattern to form an overlay;
h) aligning the first 2D gel pattern with the second 2D gel pattern to maximize the presence of a third color in the overlay, wherein the third color results from mixing the first color and the second color;
i) conducting an image analysis of the aligned overlay to identify a set of differentially expressed proteins in the first sample, whereby the set of differentially expressed proteins is indicative of the altered biological state.
38 . The method of claim 37 , further comprising the step of using the set of differentially expressed proteins to diagnose the altered biological state.
39 . The method of claim 37 , wherein the first and second colors are at opposed ends of the color spectra.
40 . The method of claim 37 , wherein the first and second protein fractions are precipitated with ammonium sulfate, trichloroacetic acid, perchloric acid, acetone, ethanol, or a combination of the same.
41 . A method for screening for breast cancer comprising:
a) collecting a ductal fluid sample from a breast of a subject;
b) precipitating a protein fraction of the ductal fluid sample;
c) performing a two dimensional (2D) electrophoretic separation of a plurality of proteins in the protein precipitate to produce a sample 2D gel pattern;
d) staining the sample 2D gel pattern;
e) digitizing an image of the stained sample 2D gel pattern and assigning the digitalized image a first color;
d) superimposing the sample 2D gel pattern over a digitized image of a control 2D gel pattern, wherein the control 2D gel pattern represents a standard protein expression pattern of a noncancerous breast ductal fluid assigned a second color;
e) aligning the sample 2D gel pattern and the control 2D gel pattern to form an overlay;
f) conducting an image analysis of the overlay; and
g) using the image analysis of the overlay as a risk indicator of the breast for breast cancer.