Point of load sine amplitude converters and methods
View Patent ↗In a preferred embodiment, a Sine Amplitude Converter (“SAC”) method and apparatus for VTMs converts a DC input voltage to a DC output voltage using a fixed transformation ratio at a frequency locked to a resonance. The SAC uses a resonant circuit including a transformer and complementary primary switches operating with balanced switching and a high power conversion duty cycle (e.g., above 94%) to perform high frequency, low noise, single stage power processing. The resonant circuit may have a low Q while enhancing conversion efficiency. Common-mode noise may be effectively reduced using symmetrical resonant power trains. In a preferred embodiment, a low profile (<0.16 inch high), low permeability “dog's bones” core structure, integrated with multi-layer PCB windings to complete SAC transformers, gives rise to a VTM manufacturing platform with greater than 400 Watts/cubic-inch power density and 95% efficiency, converting 100–150 Watts at the point of load. Capable of low manufacturing costs, this enabling technology supports flexible, molded packages for VTMs, which are characteristic of large IC's or “System In a Package” (“SIP”) devices, as distinct from the standard “bricks” characteristic of the DC-DC converters, the workhorses of vintage Distributed Power Architecture (“DPA”).
1. A method of converting power from an input source for delivery to a load, where the load may vary over a normal operating range, comprising:
providing a transformer;
forming a resonant circuit including the transformer and having a characteristic resonant frequency and period;
providing output circuitry connected to the transformer for delivering a rectified output voltage to the load;
providing a first pair of primary switches connected in series and a second pair of primary switches connected in series, the first and second pairs connected to drive the resonant circuit; and
providing a switch controller to operate the first and second pair of primary switches in opposition of phase in a series of converter operating cycles at resonance or frequency modulated near resonance; and
arranging the resonant circuit and primary switches symmetrically to reduce common-mode noise.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the transformer comprises first and second primary windings; and
the first pair and second pair of primary switches drive the first and second primary windings in opposition of phase.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first and second pair and the first and second primary windings form two half-bridges driven in opposition of phase.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein
the primary switches form a full-bridge circuit to drive the transformer;
the transformer comprises two primary windings; and
the resonant circuit comprises a resonant capacitor connected in series with and between the two primary windings.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein
the primary switches form a full-bridge circuit to drive the transformer;
the resonant circuit comprises first and second resonant capacitors; and
the transformer comprises a primary winding connected in series with and between the first and second resonant capacitors.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the primary winding comprises a plurality of series connected primary windings.
7. A method of converting power from an input source for delivery to a load, where the load may vary over a normal operating range, comprising:
providing a transformer;
forming a resonant circuit including the transformer and having a characteristic resonant frequency and period and having a Q less than 13;
providing output circuitry connected to the transformer for delivering a rectified output voltage to the load;
providing a primary switch connected to drive the resonant circuit;
providing a switch controller to operate the primary switch in a series of converter operating cycles; and
providing a conversion efficiency from the source to the load having a peak greater than 90% within the normal operating range.