Nickel hydroxide impregnated carbon foam electrodes for rechargeable nickel batteries
A novel nickel-carbon electrode, and methods for making the same, have been developed. The nickel-carbon electrode comprises an active mass (e.g., a nickel oxyhydroxide, hydroxide or oxide) deposited to a carbon foam using any one of chemical deposition, thermal deposition or electrochemical deposition. The nickel-carbon electrode is formed or “activated” through a series of charge-discharge cycles. The nickel-carbon electrode is comparable in volumetric capacities (mAh/cc) with commercial nickel electrodes but higher in gravimetric capacities (mAh/g). The nickel-carbon electrode may be used in rechargeable nickel-based batteries which have applications in cordless appliances, portable devices, standby power systems, the aerospace industry, and hybrid electric vehicles.
1 . An electrode comprising a porous monolithic carbonaceous substrate having an active mass deposited thereto.
2 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is graphitized.
3 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is amorphous.
4 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has pores about 1 to about 3,000 microns in diameter.
5 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has pores about 1 to about 1,000 microns in diameter.
6 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active mass comprises at least one of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, and a combination thereof.
7 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active mass comprises nickel hydroxide having a loading level of about 0.5 to about 1.8 g active mass/cm 3 void volume of substrate (g/cm 3 vv).
8 . The electrode of claim 6 , wherein the active mass further comprises an additive.
9 . The electrode of claim 8 , wherein the additive comprises at least one transition metal, lanthanide group metal, and combination thereof.
10 . The electrode of claim 8 , wherein the additive is present in a concentration of about 0.1 to about 35 mole percent of cation sites.
11 . The electrode of claim 8 , wherein the additive is present in a concentration of about 1 to about 25 mole percent of cation sites.
12 . The electrode of claim 8 , wherein the additive comprises at least one of Li, K, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Al, Zr, Y, and La.
13 . The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the active mass comprises Ni (1-w-x-y) M w (nH) x K y OOH (2-z) wherein (x+y)≦0.25, x≦0.25, y≦0.25, n≦4, w≦0.5, z≦2, and M=a transition metal, a lanthanide group metal, and a combination thereof.
14 . A method of making an electrode comprising:
producing a coated substrate by depositing an active mass onto a porous monolithic carbonaceous substrate, wherein the active mass comprises at least one of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, and a combination thereof; and
activating the active mass by cyclically charging and discharging the coated substrate in an electrolytic solution.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the active mass further comprises an additive.
16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the additive comprises at least one transition metal, lanthanide group metal, and combination thereof.
17 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the additive comprises at least one of Li, K, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Al, Zr, Y and La.
18 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is graphitized.
19 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is amorphous.
20 . The method of claim 14 , wherein prior to producing the coated substrate, the substrate has an electrical resistivity less than about 10,000 ohm-cm.
21 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the active mass is cyclically charged and discharged about 5 to about 200 cycles.
22 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the electrolyte comprises KOH.
23 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the coated substrate is charged at a rate of about 15 to about 120 mA/cm 2 for each cycle and discharged to a voltage of about 1 to about 0 V (vs. SCE reference electrode) for each cycle.
24 . The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the coated substrate comprises:
(a) dipping the substrate into a nickel(II) salt solution comprising water and a wetting agent;
(b) dipping the substrate into an alkaline solution; and
(c) repeating steps (a) and (b) until deposits appear on one or more surfaces of the substrate.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the nickel(II) salt solution is maintained at a temperature of about 20 to about 80° C. and comprises about 35% to about 55% by volume wetting agent.
26 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the nickel(II) salt solution comprises about 1 M to about 2 M nickel nitrate and the alkaline solution comprises about 10 to about 45% by weight potassium hydroxide.
27 . The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the coated substrate comprises:
(a) heating the substrate to about 200° C.;
(b) dipping the heated substrate into molten Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O;
(c) removing the substrate from the molten Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O and heating the substrate to about 200° C.;
(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) until green deposits appear on one or more surfaces of the substrate; and
(e) placing the substrate with deposits on one or more surfaces in an about 10% to about 45% by weight solution of KOH.
28 . The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the coated substrate comprises:
(a) making an electrochemical cell having a cathode comprising the substrate, an anode counter electrode, and an electrolyte comprising nickel(II) in a solution of water and a wetting agent; and
(b) applying a current across the cell to deposit active mass onto the substrate.
29 . The method of claim 28 , wherein the electrolyte comprises about 35% to about 55% by weight wetting agent.
30 . The method of claim 28 , wherein the electrolyte comprises from about 1 M to about 2 M Ni(NO 3 ) 2 and from about 35% to about 55% by weight alcohol.
31 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the alcohol comprises at least one of methanol, ethanol and combination thereof.
32 . The method of claim 28 , wherein step (a) further comprises maintaining the pH of the nickel nitrate solution at about 2.5 to about 3.5.
33 . The method of claim 28 , wherein step (b) comprises operating the cell at a constant temperature in the range of about 40 to about 70° C., at a constant current in the range of about 55 to about 80 mA/cm 2 , and for a duration of about 150 to about 240 minutes.
34 . The method of claim 14 , wherein producing the coated substrate comprises:
(a) making an electrochemical cell having a cathode comprising the substrate, an anode counter electrode, and an electrolyte comprising nickel(II) in a solution of water and sodium nitrite; and
(b) applying a current across the cell to deposit active mass onto the substrate.
35 . A battery comprising:
a cathode having a porous monolithic carbonaceous substrate attached to a current collector and coated with an active mass;
a second electrode comprising a metal; and
an electrolyte.
36 . The battery of claim 35 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is graphitized.
37 . The battery of claim 35 , wherein the carbonaceous substrate is amorphous.
38 . The battery of claim 35 , wherein the active mass comprises at least one of nickel hydroxide, nickel oxyhydroxide, and a combination thereof.
39 . The battery of claim 38 , wherein the active mass further comprises an additive
40 . The battery of claim 39 , wherein the additive comprises at least one transition metal, lanthanide group metal, and combination thereof.
41 . The battery of claim 39 , wherein the additive is present in a concentration of about 1 to about 25 mole percent of cation sites.
42 . The battery of claim 39 , wherein the additive comprises at least one of Li, K, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Al, Zr, Y, and La.
43 . The battery of claim 35 , wherein the active mass comprises Ni (1-w-x-y) M w (nH) x K y OOH (2-z) , wherein (x+y)≦0.25, x≦0.25, y≦0.25, n≦4, w≦0.5, z≦2, and M=a transition metal, a lanthanide group metal, and combination thereof.
44 . The battery of claim 35 , wherein the second electrode comprises cadmium, iron, zinc, manganese, hydrogen or a metal hydride.