Battery with molten salt electrolyte and high voltage positive active material
A lithium-based rechargeable battery comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a molten salt electrolyte that is electrically conductive lithium ions. The positive electrode includes a positive active material that has an electrochemical potential of at least approximately 4.0 volts relative to lithium, and more preferably at least approximately 4.5 V relative to lithium. The electrolyte may further include a source of lithium ions, such as a lithium compound. Other rechargeable batteries using other ionic species can be fabricated to an analogous design.
1 . A battery, comprising
a positive electrode including a positive active material;
a negative electrode including a negative active material; and
an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a molten salt,
wherein the positive active material has an electrochemical potential of at least approximately 4.0 volts relative to lithium,
the battery being a rechargeable lithium-based battery.
2 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material has an electrochemical potential of at least approximately 4.5 V relative to lithium.
3 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte includes a lithium compound, the lithium compound providing a source of lithium ions.
4 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative active material reversibly intercalates lithium ions, and the battery is rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
5 . The battery of claim 4 , wherein the negative active material comprises a lithiated transition metal oxide.
6 . The battery of claim 4 , wherein the negative active material comprises lithium titanium oxide.
7 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative active material comprises lithium, and the battery is a rechargeable lithium battery.
8 . The battery of claim 7 , wherein the negative active material is a layer of lithium metal.
9 . The battery of claim 7 , wherein the negative active material comprises a lithium-containing alloy.
10 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative active material comprises a lithium-aluminum alloy.
11 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material comprises a lithiated transition metal compound.
12 . The battery of claim 11 , wherein the lithiated transition metal compound is selected from a group of compounds consisting of lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel vanadium oxide, lithium cobalt vanadium oxide, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium nickel phosphate, lithium nickel fluorophosphate, and lithium cobalt fluorophosphate.
13 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material is represented by a formula Li x M y N z OF a , where:
M is selected from a first group consisting of Ni, Mn, V, and Co;
N is selected from a second group consisting of transition metals and phosphorus;
M and N are non-identical; and
wherein subscripts x and y are non-zero, and subscripts z and a are non-zero or zero.
14 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive active material reversibly intercalates lithium ions.
15 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises an onium.
16 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises a sulfonium.
17 . The battery of claim 1 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte comprises a fluorosulfonylimide.
18 . The battery of claim 1 , the positive electrode comprising an electron conducting material;
the electron conducting material being particles having a barrier material in contact with the molten salt electrolyte;
the barrier material not being an electrically conducting carbon, and not inducing substantial decomposition of the electrolyte.
19 . A battery, comprising
a positive electrode including a positive active material;
a negative electrode including a negative active material; and
an electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a molten salt, the electrolyte being electrically conductive to a cation, the cation being the cationic form of a species, wherein:
the positive active material is capable of reversibly intercalating the cation, and
the positive active material has an electrochemical potential of at least approximately 4.5 volts relative to the species.
20 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the species is an alkali metal.
21 . The battery of claim 20 , wherein the alkali metal is lithium, the cation being a lithium ion.
22 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the molten salt electrolyte includes a trifluorosulfonylimide anion.
23 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the negative active material is capable of reversibly intercalating the cation.
24 . The battery of claim 19 , wherein the negative active material includes the species in an elemental form.