A number of embodiments of a piston may have a shape that provides enhanced piston guidance. In such embodiments, the piston shape may include an axial profile that is configured to provide certain thrust load characteristics.
1. An internal combustion engine, comprising:
at least one wall defining a bore; and
a piston disposed in the bore and coupled to a piston rod to pivot about a pivot axis, the piston comprising a substantially circumferential outer surface having a head portion and a skirt portion below the head portion, at least a portion of the outer surface bearing against the wall in a thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature and subject to a thrust force, the portion of the thrust force borne by the skirt portion in the thrust plane is definable by a skirt force centroid, the skirt force centroid being positioned at an axial height substantially at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis,
wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the head portion is definable by a head force centroid, the head force centroid being substantially smaller in magnitude than the skirt force centroid.
2. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the head force centroid is positioned at an axial height above the pivot axis, the head force centroid being positioned a substantially greater distance from the pivot axis than the skirt force centroid.
3. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the intermediate skirt portion including a concave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
4. The engine of claim 3 , wherein the outer circumferential surface transitions from a substantially convex curvature of the lower skirt portion in the thrust plane to the substantially concave curvature of the intermediate skirt portion.
5. The engine of claim 3 , wherein the intermediate skirt portion of the outer surface has a nonconcave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at ambient room temperature.
6. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the head portion of the outer surface has radii that are larger than at least a some of the radii of the skirt portion of the outer surface when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
7. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the outer surface having a radial offset in the thrust plane above the pivot axis when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
8. The engine of claim 7 , wherein the upper skirt portion includes radii in the thrust plane that are smaller than at least some radii of the head portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
9. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, lower skirt portion having a maximum radius that is in an interference fit with the wall when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
10. The engine of claim 9 , wherein the lower skirt portion flexes when in the interference fit to avoid seizure of the piston in the bore.
11. The engine of claim 9 , wherein the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall when in the interference fit with the wall.
12. The engine of claim 11 , wherein the outer surface is operable to guide the piston in the bore when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall.
13. The engine of claim 11 , wherein when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall, the upper skirt portion is radially offset from the major thrust side of the wall in the thrust plane.
14. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the piston further comprises a polar profile in a radial plane and the polar profile being asymmetrical about the pivot axis.
15. A piston for use in an engine having a bore wall so that, when the piston is substantially at operating temperature and subject to a thrust force, the piston pivots about a pivot axis to bear against the bore wall in a thrust plane, the piston comprising:
a substantially circumferential outer surface having a head portion and a skirt portion below the head portion, the head portion having at least some radii in the thrust plane that are larger than at least some of the radii of the skirt portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature so that the outer surface has a radial offset in the thrust plane above the pivot axis, the outer surface to bear at least a portion of the thrust force in the thrust plane,
wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the skirt portion in the thrust plane is definable by a skirt force centroid, the skirt force centroid being positioned at an axial height substantially at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis, and
wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the head portion is definable by a head force centroid, the head force centroid being substantially smaller in magnitude than the skirt force centroid.
16. The piston of claim 15 , wherein the skirt portion of the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the upper skirt portion includes radii in the thrust plane that are smaller than at least some radii of the head portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature so that the radial offset occurs between the upper skirt portion and the head portion.
17. The piston of claim 15 , wherein the head force centroid is positioned at an axial height above the pivot axis, the head force centroid being positioned a substantially greater distance from the pivot axis than the skirt force centroid.
18. The piston of claim 15 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the intermediate skirt portion including a concave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
19. The piston of claim 18 , wherein the intermediate skirt portion of the outer surface has a nonconcave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at ambient room temperature.
20. The piston of claim 15 , wherein the skirt force centroid is positioned at an axial height directly at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis.
21. The engine of claim 1 , wherein the skirt force centroid is positioned at an axial height directly at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis.
22. An internal combustion engine, comprising:
at least one wall defining a bore; and
a piston disposed in the bore and coupled to a piston rod to pivot about a pivot axis, the piston comprising a substantially circumferential outer surface having a head portion and a skirt portion below the head portion, at least a portion of the outer surface bearing against the wall in a thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature and subject to a thrust force, the portion of the thrust force borne by the skirt portion in the thrust plane is definable by a skirt force centroid, the skirt force centroid being positioned at an axial height substantially at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis,
wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the intermediate skirt portion including a concave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature, and
wherein the outer circumferential surface transitions from a substantially convex curvature of the lower skirt portion in the thrust plane to the substantially concave curvature of the intermediate skirt portion.
23. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the head portion is definable by a head force centroid, the head force centroid being substantially smaller in magnitude than the skirt force centroid.
24. The engine of claim 23 , wherein the head force centroid is positioned at an axial height above the pivot axis, the head force centroid being positioned a substantially greater distance from the pivot axis than the skirt force centroid.
25. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the intermediate skirt portion of the outer surface has a nonconcave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at ambient room temperature.
26. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the head portion of the outer surface has radii that are larger than at least a some of the radii of the skirt portion of the outer surface when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
27. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the outer surface having a radial offset in the thrust plane above the pivot axis when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
28. The engine of claim 27 , wherein the upper skirt portion includes radii in the thrust plane that are smaller than at least some radii of the head portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
29. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, lower skirt portion having a maximum radius that is in an interference fit with the wall when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
30. The engine of claim 29 , wherein the lower skirt portion flexes when in the interference fit to avoid seizure of the piston in the bore.
31. The engine of claim 29 , wherein the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall when in the interference fit with the wall.
32. The engine of claim 31 , wherein the outer surface is operable to guide the piston in the bore when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall.
33. The engine of claim 31 , wherein when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall, the upper skirt portion is radially offset from the major thrust side of the wall in the thrust plane.
34. The engine of claim 22 , wherein the piston further comprises a polar profile in a radial plane and the polar profile being asymmetrical about the pivot axis.
35. An internal combustion engine, comprising:
at least one wall defining a bore; and
a piston disposed in the bore and coupled to a piston rod to pivot about a pivot axis, the piston comprising a substantially circumferential outer surface having a head portion and a skirt portion below the head portion, at least a portion of the outer surface bearing against the wall in a thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature and subject to a thrust force, the portion of the thrust force borne by the skirt portion in the thrust plane is definable by a skirt force centroid, the skirt force centroid being positioned at an axial height substantially at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis,
wherein the head portion of the outer surface has radii that are larger than at least a some of the radii of the skirt portion of the outer surface when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
36. The engine of claim 35 , wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the head portion is definable by a head force centroid, the head force centroid being substantially smaller in magnitude than the skirt force centroid.
37. The engine of claim 36 , wherein the head force centroid is positioned at an axial height above the pivot axis, the head force centroid being positioned a substantially greater distance from the pivot axis than the skirt force centroid.
38. The engine of claim 35 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the intermediate skirt portion including a concave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
39. The engine of claim 38 , wherein the outer circumferential surface transitions from a substantially convex curvature of the lower skirt portion in the thrust plane to the substantially concave curvature of the intermediate skirt portion.
40. The engine of claim 38 , wherein the intermediate skirt portion of the outer surface has a nonconcave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at ambient room temperature.
41. The engine of claim 35 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the outer surface having a radial offset in the thrust plane above the pivot axis when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
42. The engine of claim 41 , wherein the upper skirt portion includes radii in the thrust plane that are smaller than at least some radii of the head portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
43. The engine of claim 35 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, lower skirt portion having a maximum radius that is in an interference fit with the wall when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
44. The engine of claim 43 , wherein the lower skirt portion flexes when in the interference fit to avoid seizure of the piston in the bore.
45. The engine of claim 43 , wherein the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall when in the interference fit with the wall.
46. The engine of claim 45 , wherein the outer surface is operable to guide the piston in the bore when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall.
47. The engine of claim 45 , wherein when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall, the upper skirt portion is radially offset from the major thrust side of the wall in the thrust plane.
48. The engine of claim 35 , wherein the piston further comprises a polar profile in a radial plane and the polar profile being asymmetrical about the pivot axis.
49. An internal combustion engine, comprising:
at least one wall defining a bore; and
a piston disposed in the bore and coupled to a piston rod to pivot about a pivot axis, the piston comprising a substantially circumferential outer surface having a head portion and a skirt portion below the head portion, at least a portion of the outer surface bearing against the wall in a thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature and subject to a thrust force, the portion of the thrust force borne by the skirt portion in the thrust plane is definable by a skirt force centroid, the skirt force centroid being positioned at an axial height substantially at the pivot axis or below the pivot axis,
wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the outer surface having a radial offset in the thrust plane above the pivot axis when the piston is substantially at operating temperature, and
wherein the upper skirt portion includes radii in the thrust plane that are smaller than at least some radii of the head portion when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
50. The engine of claim 49 , wherein the portion of the thrust force borne by the head portion is definable by a head force centroid, the head force centroid being substantially smaller in magnitude than the skirt force centroid.
51. The engine of claim 50 , wherein the head force centroid is positioned at an axial height above the pivot axis, the head force centroid being positioned a substantially greater distance from the pivot axis than the skirt force centroid.
52. The engine of claim 49 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, the intermediate skirt portion including a concave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
53. The engine of claim 52 , wherein the outer circumferential surface transitions from a substantially convex curvature of the lower skirt portion in the thrust plane to the substantially concave curvature of the intermediate skirt portion.
54. The engine of claim 52 , wherein the intermediate skirt portion of the outer surface has a nonconcave curvature in the thrust plane when the piston is substantially at ambient room temperature.
55. The engine of claim 49 , wherein the head portion of the outer surface has radii that are larger than at least a some of the radii of the skirt portion of the outer surface when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
56. The engine of claim 49 , wherein the outer surface includes a lower skirt portion, an intermediate skirt portion, and an upper skirt portion, lower skirt portion having a maximum radius that is in an interference fit with the wall when the piston is substantially at operating temperature.
57. The engine of claim 56 , wherein the lower skirt portion flexes when in the interference fit to avoid seizure of the piston in the bore.
58. The engine of claim 56 , wherein the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall when in the interference fit with the wall.
59. The engine of claim 58 , wherein the outer surface is operable to guide the piston in the bore when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall.
60. The engine of claim 58 , wherein when the lower skirt portion is spring-loaded against major and minor thrust sides of the wall, the upper skirt portion is radially offset from the major thrust side of the wall in the thrust plane.
61. The engine of claim 49 , wherein the piston further comprises a polar profile in a radial plane and the polar profile being asymmetrical about the pivot axis.