Radiopaque-balloon microcatheter and methods of manufacture
Microcatheters catheters are provided having balloons incorporating radiopaque nanoparticles. Optionally, carbon nanotubes dispersed within the shaft may be configured to react to electrical stimulation, thereby providing a steerable distal end region on the microcatheter. Methods of making the foregoing microcatheters also are provided.
1 . A catheter comprising:
an elongated shaft having proximal and distal ends and a lumen therebetween; and
a balloon affixed to the elongated shaft near the distal end, the balloon comprising a polymer in which a multiplicity of radiopaque nanoparticles is dispersed.
2 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the radiopaque nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of gold, platinum, silver, palladium, tungsten and tantalum.
3 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the elongated shaft further comprises a polymer having a multiplicity of carbon nanotubes disposed therein to enhance pushability of the catheter.
4 . The apparatus of claim 3 further comprising charged nanotubes disposed within the body of the elongated shaft and arranged to respond to electrical stimulation.
5 . The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising a source of electrical stimulation.
6 . The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the elongated shaft further comprises a first portion comprising positively charged nanotubes and a second portion comprising negatively charged nanotubes.
7 . The apparatus of claim 6 further comprising an insulator disposed between the first portion and the second portion.
8 . The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the first portion is in communication with the second portion at a junction near the distal end of the elongated shaft.
9 . The apparatus of claim 8 wherein the source of electrical stimulation communicated with the first portion and second portion via wires.
10 . The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the source of electrical stimulation is a battery.
11 . The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the catheter further comprises a balloon inflation lumen coupled between the balloon and the proximal end of the elongated shaft.
12 . The apparatus of claim 11 further comprising a compressed gas container coupled to the inflation lumen.
13 . A balloon catheter comprising:
an elongated shaft having proximal and distal ends and a lumen therebetween; and
a balloon having an interior, the balloon affixed to distal end of the elongated shaft;
wherein the balloon comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyolefin, fluoropolymers, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, urethanes, and polyethylene terephalate, and a multiplicity of nanoparticles disposed within the polymer.
14 . The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising an inflation lumen having a distal end and a proximal end, the distal end in fluid communication with the interior of the balloon and the proximal end disposed at a location substantially near the proximal end of the shaft.
15 . The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising an inflation port disposed at the proximal end of the inflation lumen.
16 . The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a rapid-exchange port disposed in a lateral wall of the shaft.
17 . The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the shaft further comprises nanotubes disposed within the body of the shaft.
18 . The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the nanotubes comprise positively charged nanotubes and negatively charged nanotubes.
19 . The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the catheter is steerable in response to electrical stimulation.
20 . A method of forming a catheter component comprising:
providing a plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes and a polymer having a melting point;
heating the polymer above its melting point;
adding the plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes to the polymer;
dispersing the plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes within the polymer;
cooling the polymer; and
forming the polymer into a catheter component.
21 . The method of claim 20 in which dispersing the plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes within the polymer comprises agitating the polymer.
22 . The method of claim 21 in which dispersing the plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes within the polymer comprises using an ultrasonic homogenizer.
23 . The method of claim 21 further comprising maintaining the polymer above its melting point for a period of time during dispersing the plurality of nanoparticles or nanotubes within the polymer.
24 . The method of claim 20 wherein the nanoparticles are radiopaque and the catheter component comprises a balloon.
25 . The method of claim 20 wherein the nanotubes are carbon nanotubes and the catheter component comprises a catheter shaft.
26 . The method of claim 25 wherein carbon nanotubes have first and second electrical charges, and forming the catheter component further comprises:
extruding an inner layer from polymer containing carbon nanotubes having the first electrical charge;
affixing a layer of electrical insulation to an exterior of the inner layer; and
extruding over the layer of electrical insulation an outer layer from polymer containing carbon nanotubes having the second electrical charge.