Single crystal diamond electrochemical electrode
An electrolytic cell includes a container for holding an electrolyte. A conductively doped single crystal diamond anode electrode is positioned to be disposed within the electrolyte, as is a conductive cathode electrode. Conductors are coupled to the electrodes for coupling to a power supply. An electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet are coupled to the container for causing electrolyte to flow past the electrodes. The anode electrode is downstream from the cathode electrode in one embodiment, such that an electrolyte comprising water is purified by generation of oxygen and/or ozone.
1. An electrochemical synthesis electrode comprising a CVD boron conductively doped single crystal diamond, wherein the single crystal diamond has a maximum current density greater than that of a polycrystalline diamond.
2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the single crystal diamond has a boron concentration ranging from approximately 0.005 parts per million to 10,000 parts per million.
3. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the single crystal diamond has a boron concentration ranging from approximately 0.05 parts per million to 3,000 parts per million.
4. The electrode of claim 1 having a resistivity of between approximately 5000 ohm centimeters to approximately 0.01 ohm centimeters.
5. An electrolytic cell comprising:
a container holding an electrolyte;
a conductive anode electrode disposed within the electrolyte, the anode electrode comprising a first non-conductive single crystal diamond layer, a conductively doped single crystal diamond layer formed on the first non-conductive single crystal diamond layer, and a second non-conductive single crystal diamond layer formed on the conductively doped single crystal diamond layer; and
a conductive cathode electrode disposed within the electrolyte.
6. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 and further comprising a power supply electrically coupled to the electrodes.
7. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 and further comprising a baffle disposed in the electrolyte between the electrodes.
8. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 , wherein the container has an inlet for water to be purified, and an outlet for water being purified.
9. The electrolytic cell of claim 8 wherein the outlet is positioned downstream from the anode electrode.
10. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 and further comprising an outlet for gas produced at the cathode electrode.
11. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 wherein the cathode comprises conductively doped single crystal diamond.
12. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 wherein the anode further comprises a metal contact and conductor.
13. The electrolytic cell of claim 12 wherein the metal contact is positioned on an end of the anode which may be outside of the electrolyte.
14. The electrolytic cell of claim 5 wherein the first non-conductive single crystal diamond layer comprises holes therethrough and a metal contact that contacts the conductively doped single crystal diamond through such holes.
15. The electrolytic cell of claim 14 and further comprising a conductor coupled to the metal contact.
16. An in situ water purification device comprising:
a sleeve shaped to fit within a neck of a bottle of water to be purified;
a first CVD boron conductively doped single crystal diamond electrochemical synthesis anode electrode extending from the sleeve a first distance; and
a second conductive cathode electrode extending from the sleeve a second distance, wherein the first conductive electrode and the second conductive electrode each has a maximum current density greater than that of a polycrystalline diamond.
17. The water purification device of claim 16 wherein the first distance is longer than the second distance, such that the anode extends further into the water to be purified.
18. The water purification device of claim 16 and further comprising conductors extending from the electrodes for coupling to a power supply.
19. The water purification device of claim 16 and further comprising a baffle disposed between the electrodes.
20. An electrolytic cell comprising:
a container for holding an electrolyte;
a conductively doped single crystal diamond anode electrode positioned to be disposed within the electrolyte the anode electrode comprising a first non-conductive single crystal diamond layer, a conductively doped single crystal diamond layer formed on the first non-conductive single crystal diamond layer, and a second non-conductive single crystal diamond layer formed on the conductively doped single crystal diamond layer;
a conductive cathode electrode positioned to be disposed within the electrolyte;
conductors coupled to the electrodes for coupling to a power supply;
an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet coupled to the container for causing electrolyte to flow past the electrodes, wherein the anode electrode is downstream from the cathode electrode; and
wherein the anode is able to operate at a current density of approximately 3,000 amps per square centimeter for approximately 500 hours with substantially no detectable evidence of erosion.
21. The electrolytic cell of claim 20 and further comprising an outlet for gas produced at the cathode electrode.
22. The electrolytic cell of claim 20 and further comprising a baffle disposed in the electrolyte between the electrodes.
23. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the single crystal diamond has a maximum current density between approximately 1,000 amps per square-centimeter and 3,000 amps per square centimeter.
24. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the single crystal diamond has a boron concentration ranging from approximately 3,000 parts per million to 10,000 parts per million.
25. An electrochemical synthesis electrode comprising a CVD boron conductively doped single crystal diamond, wherein the single crystal diamond has a nitrogen concentration substantially below normal levels, and wherein the single crystal diamond has a maximum current density greater than that of a polycrystalline diamond.
26. The electrode of claim 25 wherein the single crystal diamond has a carbon isotope concentration at normal or near-normal levels.
27. An electrochemical synthesis electrode comprising a CVD boron conductively doped single crystal diamond, wherein the single crystal diamond has a maximum current density greater than that of a polycrystalline diamond, and wherein the single crystal diamond has affects to increase surface area.
28. The electrode of claim 27 wherein the affects include through holes.
29. The electrode of claim 27 wherein the affects include valleys.
30. The electrode of claim 27 wherein the affects transform the single crystal diamond into a porous membrane for water to flow through.
31. The electrode of claim 27 and further comprising a contact formed on an end of the single crystal diamond, wherein the contact is coupled to a conductor, and wherein the contact and conductor are insulated from an electrolyte when the electrode is immersed in the electrolyte.
32. The electrochemical synthesis electrode of claim 1 , wherein the single crystal diamond has a maximum current density greater than approximately 1000 amps per square centimeter.