Process for the production of crosslinked polymer employing low VOC-producing silane crosslinker and resulting crosslinked polymer
View Patent ↗A process for crosslinking polymers employs a silane crosslinker which, upon hydrolysis, produces a reduced quantity of volatile organic compound.
1. A process for crosslinking polymer which comprises:
a) introducing into the structure of thermoplastic polymer under substantially anhydrous conditions, a silane which is a cyclic diol-substituted silane, and upon hydrolysis of its hydrolyzable sites, produces a reduced amount of volatile organic compound compared to that produced by the hydrolysis of a silane possessing an equivalent number of hydrolyzable sites all of which are hydrolyzable alkoxy groups; and,
b) crosslinking the polymer by exposure of the polymer to hydrolysis/condensation conditions, optionally, in the presence of a hydrolysis/condensation catalyst.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene and decene.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of (i) ethylene copolymerized with one or more other ethylenically unsaturated monomer, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester and/or ethenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride, (ii) olefin-based rubber and (iii) ionomer resin.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the silane is introduced into the structure of the polymer by being grafted thereto employing a free radical generator.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein the silane has the general formula:
[Y [—G(—SiX u Z b v Z c w ) s ] r ] n (Formula 1)
wherein each occurrence of G is independently chosen from a set of groups comprising a polyvalent group derived by substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group, or a molecular component which can be obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon, with G containing from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of X is independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R 1 O—, R 1 C(═O)O—, R 1 R 2 C═NO—, R 1 R 2 NO— or R 1 R 2 N—, —R 1 , —(OSiR 1 R 2 ) t (OSi R 1 R 2 R 3 ), and —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f OH, wherein each occurrence of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of Z b is independently (—O—) 0.5 , and [—O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O—] 0.5 , wherein each occurrence of R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of Z c is independently given by —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O— wherein each occurrence of R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of R is chosen independently from the set of groups comprising hydrogen; straight, cyclic or branched alkyl groups and can contain unsaturated, alkenyl groups, aryl groups and aralkyl groups; or molecular components obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon; each occurrence of R containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of the subscript f is an integer from 1 to about 15, each occurrence of n is an integer from 1 to about 100, with the proviso that when n is greater than 1, v is a greater than 0 and all the valences for Z b have a silicon atom bonded to them, each occurrence of the subscript u is an integer from 0 to about 3, each occurrence of the subscript v is an integer from 0 to about 3, each occurrence of the subscript w is an integer from 0 to about 1, with the proviso that u+v+2w=3, each occurrence of the subscript r is an integer from 1 to about 6, each occurrence of the subscript t is an integer from 0 to about 50, and each occurrence of the subscript s is an integer from 1 to about 6; and each occurrence of Y is an organofunctional group of valence r; and at least one cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane comprising the cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane composition containing at least one occurrence of Z b or Z c .
6. The process of claim 5 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of a univalent organofunctional group, a divalent organofunctional group, a trivalent organofunctional group, a tetravalent organofunctional group and a polyvalent organofunctional group.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the univalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 ═CH—, CHR═CH—, CR 2 ═CH—, mercapto, acryloxy, methacryloxy, acetoxy, —O—CH 2 —C 2 H 3 O, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C 6 H 9 O, —C 6 H 9 O, —CR 6 (—O—)CR 4 R 5 , —OH, —NR 4 C(═O)OR 5 , —OC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═O)SR 5 , —SC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)OR 5 , —OC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)SR 5 , —SC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , maleimide, maleate, substituted maleate, fumarate, substituted fumarate, —CN, citraconimide, , —OCN, —N═C═O, —SCN, —N═C═S, —OR 4 , —F, —Cl, —Br; —I, —SR 4 , —S—SR 4 , —S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—S—S—SR 4 , —S x R 4 , —SC(═S)OR 4 , —SC(═S)SR 4 , —SC(═O)SR 4 , —NR 4 C(═O)NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 C(═S)NR 5 R 6 , R 4 C(═O)NR 5 —, —C(═O)NR 4 R 5 —, R 4 C(═S)NR 4 —, melamine, cyanurato, —NH 2 , —NHR 4 , —NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 -L 1 (-NR 5 R 6 ) 2 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 (-NR 5 R 6 ) 3 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 -L 3 -NR 7 R 8 and —NR 4 -L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ) 2 ; the divalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)CR 4 R 5 , —CR 5 (—O—)CR 4 —, —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O—, -(−) NC(═O)OR 5 , —OC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═O)SR 5 , —SC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═S)OR 5 , —OC(═S)NR 4 —, -(−) NC(═S)SR 5 , —SC(═S)NR 4 —, —O—, maleate, substituted maleate, fumarate, substituted fumarate, —S—, —S—S—, —S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—S—S—, —S x —, —SC(═S)O—, —SC(═S)S—, —SC(═O)S—, -(−) NC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═O)NR 5 —, -(−) NC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)NR 5 —, R 4 C(═O)N(−)-, —C(═O)NR 4 —, R 4 C(═S)N(−)-, divalent melamine, divalent cyanurato, —NH—, —NR 4 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 —, (−) NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -NR 5 R 6 , -(−)N-L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 —, -(−)N-L 1 (NR 5 R 6 ) 3 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -(NR 5 R 6 ) 2 , -(−) N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 -L 3 -NR 7 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ) 2 and (—NR 4 L 1 -) 2 N-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ; the trivalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)CR 4 —, -(−) NC(═O)O—, -(−) NC(═O)S—, -(−)NC(═S)O—, -(−)NC(═S)S—, -(−) NC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═S)NR 4 —, —C(═O)N (−)-, —C(═S)N(−)-, trivalent melamino; trivalent cyanurato, —N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 —, (—NR 4 ) 3 -L 1 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N (−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , -(−)N-L 1 NR 5 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 -L 3 -NR 4 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 3 R 4 )(-L 2 NR 5 —) and (—NR 4 L 1 -) 3 N; the tetravalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)C(−)-, -(−)NC(═O)N(−)-, -(−)NC(═S)N(−)-, tetravalent melamino, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-, (—NR 4 ) 4 -L 1 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 —, -(—)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 (−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N (−)-L 3 -NR 4 R 3 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 1 -NR 3 -L 3 -N(−)- and -(−)N-L 1 -N (-L 2 NR 3 —) 2 ; and, the polyvalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of polyvalent hydrocarbon groups, (—NR 3 )(—N—) 2 C 3 N 3 , (—N—) 3 C 3 N 3 , -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 3 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -N(−)-, [-(−)N-L 1 -] 2 N-L 2 NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -N(−)- and [-(−)N-L 1 -] 3 ,
wherein each occurrence of L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 is selected independently from the set of structures given above for G, each occurrence of R is independently given by one of the structures listed above for R and R 1 through R 11 and x is independently an integer from 1 to 10.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein the dialkoxy or difunctional alkoxy is represented by the formula:
—O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O— (Formula 3).
9. The process of claim 5 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of a monovalent hydrocarbon group, CH 3 (CH 2 ) p — wherein p is 1 to 20, diethylene cyclohexane, 1,2,4-triethylene cyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene, —(CH 2 ) m — wherein m is 1 to 12 and CH 2 (CH 2 ) q CH(CH 3 )— wherein q is zero to 17.
10. The process of claim 5 wherein R and R 1 through R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, octenyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, allyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, dimethylaminoethyl and cyanoethyl.
11. The process of claim 5 wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.
12. The process of claim 5 wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and propyl.
13. The process of claim 5 wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methyl, butyl, hydrogen and ethyl.
14. The process of claim 5 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, isobutoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, acetoxy, methoxyethoxy, oximato and monovalent alkoxy groups derived from diols.
15. The process of claim 5 wherein Z b and Z c are selected from the group consisting of divalent alkoxy groups derived from the diols consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
16. The process of claim 5 wherein a ratio of w/v is between 1 and 9;
X is R 1 O— or R 1 C(═O)O—;
Z b and Z c are derived from the group of diols consisting of 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol;
R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl of C 1 to C 4 and H; and,
G is a divalent straight chain alkyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms.
17. The process of claim 5 wherein the ratio of w/v is between about 2 and about 8;
X is ethoxy or one or more of the divalent alkoxy groups derived from the diols selected from the group consisting of 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol; and,
G is a C 2 -C 12 straight-chain alkyl derivative.
18. The process of claim 5 wherein v is 0, X is RO— or RC(═0)—, R is an alkyl of C 1 to C 4 or H, and G is a divalent straight chain alkyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms.
19. A process for producing a crosslinked polymer which comprises:
a) combining under substantially moisture-free conditions:
(i) thermoplastic base polymer,
(ii) solid carrier polymer,
(iii) hydrolyzable silane which is a cyclic diol-substituted silane, and upon hydrolysis of its hydrolyzable sites, produces a reduced amount of volatile organic compound compared to that produced by the hydrolysis of a silane possessing an equivalent number of hydrolyzable sites all of which are hydrolyzable alkoxy groups,
(iv) a free radical generator and, optionally,
(v) catalyst for the hydrolysis/condensation reactions of silane (iii) when silane (iii) is exposed to moisture;
b) heating the combination resulting from step (a) at a temperature above the crystalline melting point of base polymer (i) to graft silane (iii) to base polymer (i); and,
c) exposing the product resulting from step (b) to moisture to effect hydrolysis/condensation of grafted silane (iii) thereby providing crosslinked base polymer (i).
20. The process of claim 19 wherein step (a) is carried out by:
a1) combining carrier polymer (ii), silane (iii) and free radical generator (iv) to provide a preblend in which silane (iii) and free radical generator (iv) are incorporated in carrier polymer (ii); and,
a2) combining the preblend resulting from step (a1) with base polymer (i), optionally with catalyst (v).
21. The process of claim 20 wherein in step (a1), silane (iii) and free radical generator (iv) are combined, the resulting combination thereafter being combined with carrier polymer (ii) to provide the preblend.
22. The process of claim 20 wherein in step (a2), base polymer (i) and catalyst (v) are combined, the resulting combination thereafter being combined with the preblend resulting from step (a1).
23. The process of claim 21 wherein in step (a2), base polymer (i) and catalyst (v) are combined, the resulting combination thereafter being combined with the preblend resulting from step (a1).
24. The process of claim 19 wherein the carrier polymer (ii) represents from about 0.01 to about 40 weight percent of the combined weight of base polymer (i) and carrier polymer (ii).
25. The process of claim 19 wherein the carrier polymer (ii) represents from about 0.01 to about 20 weight percent of the combined weight of base polymer (i) and carrier polymer (ii).
26. The process of claim 19 wherein thermoplastic base polymer (i) is selected from the group consisting of homopolymers and copolymers of ethylene, propylene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene and decene.
27. The process of claim 19 wherein carrier polymer (ii) is selected from the group consisting of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, a homopolymer of an alpha-olefin having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and a copolymer of two alpha-olefins.
28. The process of claim 19 wherein silane (iii) has the general formula:
[Y [-G(—SiX u Z b v Z c w ) s ] r ] n (Formula 1)
wherein each occurrence of G is independently chosen from a set of groups comprising a polyvalent group derived by substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl or aralkyl group, or a molecular component which can be obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon, with G containing from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; each occurrence of X is independently selected from the group consisting of —Cl, —Br, R 1 O—, R 1 C(═O)O—, R 1 R 2 C═NO—, R 1 R 2 NO— or R 1 R 2 N—, —R 1 , —(OSiR 1 R 2 ) t (OSi R 1 R 2 R 3 ), and —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f OH, wherein each occurrence of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of Z b is independently (—O—) 0.5 , and [—O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O—] 0.5 , wherein each occurrence of R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of Z c is independently given by —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O— wherein each occurrence of R 10 and R 11 is independently R; each occurrence of R is chosen independently from the set of groups comprising hydrogen; straight, cyclic or branched alkyl groups and can contain unsaturated, alkenyl groups, aryl groups and aralkyl groups; or molecular components obtained by removal of one or more hydrogen atoms of a heterocarbon; each occurrence of R containing 1 to about 20 carbon atoms; each occurrence of the subscript f is an integer from 1 to about 15, each occurrence of n is an integer from 1 to about 100, with the proviso that when n is greater than 1, v is a greater than 0 and all the valences for Z b have a silicon atom bonded to them, each occurrence of the subscript u is an integer from 0 to about 3, each occurrence of the subscript v is an integer from 0 to about 3, each occurrence of the subscript w is an integer from 0 to about 1, with the proviso that u+v+2w=3, each occurrence of the subscript r is an integer from 1 to about 6, each occurrence of the subscript t is an integer from 0 to about 50, and each occurrence of the subscript s is an integer from 1 to about 6; and each occurrence of Y is an organofunctional group of valence r; and at least one cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane comprising the cyclic and bridging dialkoxy organofunctional silane composition containing at least one occurrence of Z b or Z c .
29. The process of claim 28 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of a univalent organofunctional group, a divalent organofunctional group, a trivalent organofunctional group, a tetravalent organofunctional group and a polyvalent organofunctional group.
30. The process of claim 29 wherein the univalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 ═CH—, CHR═CH—, CR 2 ═CH—, mercapto, acryloxy, methacryloxy, acetoxy, —O—CH 2 —C 2 H 3 O, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C 6 H 9 O, —C 6 H 9 O, —CR 6 (—O—)CR 4 R 5 , —OH, —NR 4 C(═O)OR 5 , —OC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═O)SR 5 , —SC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)OR 5 , —OC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)SR 5 , —SC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , maleimide, maleate, substituted maleate, fumarate, substituted fumarate, —CN, citraconimide, , —OCN, —N═C═O, —SCN, —N═C═S, —OR 4 , —F, —Cl, —Br; —I, —SR 4 , —S—SR 4 , —S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—S—SR 4 , —S—S—S—S—S—SR 4 , —S x R 4 , —SC(═S)OR 4 , —SC(═S)SR 4 , —SC(═O)SR 4 , —NR 4 C(═O)NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 C(═S)NR 5 R 6 , R 4 C(═O)NR 5 —, —C(═O)NR 4 R 5 —, R 4 C(═S)NR 4 —, melamine, cyanurato, —NH 2 , —NHR 4 , —NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 -L 1 (-NR 5 R 6 ) 2 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 (-NR 5 R 6 ) 3 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 -L 3 -NR 7 R 8 and —NR 4 -L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ) 2 ; the divalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)CR 4 R 5 , —CR 5 (—O—)CR 4 —, —O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O—, -(−) NC(═O)OR 5 , —OC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═O)SR 5 , —SC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═S)OR 5 , —OC(═S)NR 4 —, -(−) NC(═S)SR 5 , —SC(═S)NR 4 —, —O—, maleate, substituted maleate, fumarate, substituted fumarate, —S—, —S—S—, —S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—S—, —S—S—S—S—S—S—, —S x —, —SC(═S)O—, —SC(═S)S—, —SC(═O)S—, -(−) NC(═O)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═O)NR 5 —, -(−) NC(═S)NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 C(═S)NR 5 —, R 4 C(═O)N(−)-, —C(═O)NR 4 —, R 4 C(═S)N(−)-, divalent melamine, divalent cyanurato, —NH—, —NR 4 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 R 5 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 —, (−) NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -NR 5 R 6 , -(−)N-L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 R 6 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 —, -(−)N-L 1 (NR 5 R 6 ) 3 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -(NR 5 R 6 ) 2 , -(−) N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 6 R 7 , —NR 4 -L 1 -NR 5 -L 2 -NR 6 -L 3 -NR 7 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ) 2 and (—NR 4 L 1 -) 2 N-L 2 NR 5 R 6 ; the trivalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)CR 4 —, -(−) NC(═O)O—, -(−) NC(═O)S—, -(−)NC(═S)O—, -(−)NC(═S)S—, -(−) NC(═O)NR 4 —, -(−)NC(═S)NR 4 —, —C(═O)N (−)-, —C(═S)N(−)-, trivalent melamino; trivalent cyanurato, —N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 —, (—NR 4 ) 3 -L 1 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 -NR 5 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 5 -L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N (−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , -(−)N-L 1 NR 5 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 R 4 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 -L 3 -NR 4 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(-L 2 NR 3 R 4 )(-L 2 NR 5 —) and (—NR 4 L 1 -) 3 N; the tetravalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of -(−)C (—O—)C(−)-, -(−)NC(═O)N(−)-, -(−)NC(═S)N(−)-, tetravalent melamino, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-, (—NR 4 ) 4 -L 1 , (—NR 4 ) 2 -L 1 -N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -NR 3 —, -(—)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 (−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N (−)-L 3 -NR 4 R 3 , —NR 4 -L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 4 -L 2 -NR 3 -L 3 -N(−)- and -(−)N-L 1 -N (-L 2 NR 3 —) 2 ; and, the polyvalent organofunctional group is selected from the group consisting of polyvalent hydrocarbon groups, (—NR 3 )(—N—) 2 C 3 N 3 , (—N—) 3 C 3 N 3 , -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -NR 3 -L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -N(−)-, [-(−)N-L 1 -] 2 N-L 2 NR 3 —, -(−)N-L 1 -N(−)-L 2 -N(−)-L 3 -N(−)- and [-(−)N-L 1 -] 3 ,
wherein each occurrence of L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 is selected independently from the set of structures given above for G, each occurrence of R is independently given by one of the structures listed above for R and R 1 through R 11 and x is independently an integer from 1 to 10.
31. The process of claim 30 wherein the dialkoxy or difunctional alkoxy is represented by the formula:
—O(R 10 CR 11 ) f O— (Formula 3).
32. The process of claim 28 wherein G is selected from the group consisting of a monovalent hydrocarbon group, CH 3 (CH 2 ) p — wherein p is 1 to 20, diethylene cyclohexane, 1,2,4-triethylene cyclohexane, diethylene benzene, phenylene, —(CH 2 ) m — wherein m is 1 to 12 and CH 2 (CH 2 ) q CH(CH 3 )— wherein q is zero to 17.
33. The process of claim 28 wherein R and R 1 through R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, octenyl, cyclohexyl, butyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, allyl, methoxyethyl, ethoxyethyl, dimethylaminoethyl and cyanoethyl.
34. The process of claim 28 wherein R 10 and R 11 are each independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl.
35. The process of claim 28 wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl and propyl.
36. The process of claim 28 wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methyl, butyl, hydrogen and ethyl.
37. The process of claim 28 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of methoxy, ethoxy, isobutoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, acetoxy, methoxyethoxy, oximato and monovalent alkoxy groups derived from diols.
38. The process of claim 28 wherein Z b and Z c are selected from the group consisting of divalent alkoxy groups derived from the diols consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol and 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol.
39. The process of claim 19 wherein free radical generator (iv) is selected from the group consisting of organic peroxides, azo compounds and peresters.
40. The process of claim 19 where optional catalyst (v) is selected from a group consisting of dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin octanoate, dioctyltin maleate, dibutyltin oxide, titanium-2-ethylhexoxide and any combination thereof.
41. The crosslinked polymer prepared in accordance with the process of claim 19 .