System and method for catalytic treatment of contaminated groundwater or soil
A method for the treatment of a contaminated medium including the steps of introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium, adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium, reacting the contaminated medium with the micron-sized metal catalyst and substantially retaining the catalyst particles in the contaminated medium. In another aspect, a system for the ex situ treatment of contaminated fluid including a vessel configured to receive the contaminated fluid, micron-sized metal catalyst particles located in the vessel, a hydrogen source positioned for delivering hydrogen to the contaminated fluid, and a membrane filter positioned to prevent the metal catalyst from eluting from the vessel.
1. A method for the in situ treatment of a contaminated medium comprising the steps of:
introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium;
adding uncontained and unaffixed micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium;
reacting the contaminated medium with the uncontained and unaffixed catalyst particles; and
substantially retaining the uncontained and unaffixed catalyst particles in the contaminated medium by natural filtration of the particles through the contaminated medium.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding Group VIII metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding nickel metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding nickel alumina metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter in the range of about 100 μm to about 0.01 μm.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding catalyst particles having an average diameter in the range of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of adding the catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprises adding catalyst particles having an average diameter of about 1 μm.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprise introducing hydrogen and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles, respectively, to a contaminated medium that is selected from the group consisting of soil, groundwater, leachate and wash-down water.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the steps of introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprise introducing hydrogen and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles, respectively, to a contaminated medium that comprises at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of chlorinated ethenes or ethanes, n-nitrosodimethylamine, (NDMA), nitrates, trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNT), glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerin), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), heavy metals, perchlorate and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX).
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of flushing the catalyst particles with an acid to promote catalyst regeneration.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising the steps of recovering and/or neutralizing the acid after the promotion of catalyst regeneration.
12. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding an oxidant to the contaminated medium to promote catalyst regeneration.
13. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a cosolvent to the contaminated medium.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of adding the cosolvent to the contaminated medium comprises adding a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an acetonitrile.
15. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a surfactant to the contaminated medium.
16. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding an anion to the contaminated medium.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the step of adding the anion includes adding an anion selected from the group consisting of a chloride and a nitrate.
18. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adjusting the pH of the contaminated fluid to <7.
19. A method for ex situ treatment of contaminated fluid, said method comprising the steps of:
introducing hydrogen into the contaminated fluid;
intermingling the contaminated fluid with uncontained and unaffixed micron-sized metal catalyst particles in a vessel; and
substantially preventing the uncontained and unaffixed catalyst particles from eluting from the vessel with a membrane filter coupled to the vessel.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using Group VIII metal catalyst particles.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using nickel metal catalyst particles.
22. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using nickel alumina metal catalyst particles.
23. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using metal catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter in the range of about 100 μm to about 0.01 μm.
24. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using metal catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter in the range of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.
25. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed using metal catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter of about 1 μm.
26. The method of claim 19 wherein the steps of introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprise introducing hydrogen and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles, respectively, to a fluid that is selected from the group consisting of groundwater, leachate and wash down-water.
27. The method of claim 19 wherein the steps of introducing hydrogen into the contaminated medium and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles to the contaminated medium comprise introducing hydrogen and adding micron-sized metal catalyst particles, respectively, to a contaminated fluid that comprises at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes, n-nitrosodimethylamine, (NDMA), nitrates, trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNT), glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerin), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), heavy metals, perchlorate and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX).
28. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed in a batch reactor.
29. The method of claim 19 wherein the intermingling step is performed in a continuous reactor.
30. The method of claim 19 the step of introducing hydrogen is performed upstream of the vessel by a membrane system.
31. The method of claim 19 wherein the step of introducing hydrogen is performed via diffusion through pressurized silicone tubing positioned inside the vessel.
32. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of flushing the catalyst particles with an acid to promote catalyst regeneration.
33. The method of claim 32 further comprising the steps of recovering and neutralizing the acid after the promotion of catalyst regeneration.
34. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of adding an oxidant to the contaminated fluid to promote catalyst regeneration.
35. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of adding a cosolvent to the contaminated fluid.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the step of adding the cosolvent to the contaminated medium comprises adding a cosolvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an acetonitrile.
37. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of adding a surfactant to the contaminated fluid.
38. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of adding an anion to the contaminated fluid.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the step of adding the anion includes adding an anion selected from the group consisting of a chloride and a nitrate.
40. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of adjusting the pH of the contaminated fluid to <7.
41. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of pre-filtering the contaminated fluid prior to the contaminated fluid entering the vessel.
42. A system for the ex situ treatment of contaminated fluid, said system comprising:
a vessel configured to receive and adapted to contain the contaminated fluid and micron-sized metal catalyst particles;
a hydrogen source positioned for delivering hydrogen to the contaminated fluid received in the vessel, said hydrogen source comprising pressurized tubing positioned at least partially within said vessel; and
a membrane filter coupled to the vessel and positioned to substantially prevent the metal catalyst from eluting from said vessel.
43. The system of claim 40 further comprising a monitor positioned to measure concentrations of contaminants in fluid exiting said vessel.
44. A system for the ex situ treatment of contaminated fluid, said system comprising:
a vessel configured to receive and adapted to contain the contaminated fluid and micron-sized metal catalyst particles;
a hydrogen source positioned for delivering hydrogen to the contaminated fluid received in the vessel, said hydrogen source comprising an external membrane system located upstream of said vessel; and
a membrane filter coupled to the vessel and positioned to substantially prevent the metal catalyst from eluting from said vessel.
45. The system of claim 40 further comprising the metal catalyst particles, wherein said metal catalyst particles are a Group VIII metal.
46. The system of claim 40 further comprising the metal catalyst particles, wherein said metal catalyst particles are nickel.
47. The system of claim 40 further comprising the metal catalyst particles, wherein said metal catalyst particles are nickel alumina.
48. The system of claim 40 wherein said membrane filter is configured to substantially prevent catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter in the range of about 100 μm to about 0.01 μm from eluting from said vessel.
49. The system of claim 40 wherein said membrane filter is configured to substantially prevent catalyst particles having an average diameter in the range of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.
50. The system of claim 40 wherein said membrane filter is configured to substantially prevent catalyst particles having an average nominal diameter of about 1 μm.
51. The system of claim 40 wherein said vessel is configured to receive contaminated fluid selected from the group consisting of groundwater, leachate, wash down water and other aqueous streams.
52. The system of claim 40 wherein said vessel is configured to receive contaminated fluid comprising at least one contaminant selected from the group consisting of chlorinated ethenes and ethanes, n-nitrosodimethylamine, (NDMA), nitrates, trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNT), glycerol trinitrate (nitroglycerin), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), heavy metals, perchlorate and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX).
53. The system of claim 40 further comprising a catalyst regeneration system comprising an acid or an oxidant feed.
54. The system of claim 51 further comprising a neutralization tank configured to collect and/or neutralize the acid after the catalyst particles have been at least partially regenerated.
55. The system of claim 40 further comprising a cosolvent source configured to add a cosolvent to the contaminated fluid.
56. The system of claim 53 wherein the cosolvent source is configured to add cosolvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol and an acetonitrile.
57. The system of claim 40 further comprising a surfactant source configured to add a surfactant to the contaminated fluid.
58. The system of claim 40 further comprising an anion source configured to add an anion to the contaminated fluid.
59. The system of claim 56 wherein the anion source is configured to add an anion selected from the group consisting of a chloride and a nitrate.
60. The system of claim 40 further comprising means for adjusting the pH of the fluid to <7.
61. The system of claim 40 further comprising a pre-filter positioned to remove entrained solids upstream of said vessel.