Polyaxial orthopedic fastening apparatus with independent locking modes

1. An apparatus comprising:

an implant;

a fixation member comprising a first interface and a distal end implantable in a bone; and

a rotational fastener comprising a second interface, wherein the second interface is rectilinearly translatable along the first interface, wherein the first and second interfaces have complementary antirotation features,

wherein the apparatus comprises a locked configuration in which the rotational fastener engages the implant in any of a plurality of relative orientations between the implant and the rotational fastener about a first axis to substantially prevent any relative rotation between the implant and the rotational fastener about the first axis;

wherein, in the locked configuration, the rotational fastener is slidably attachable to the fixation member to permit motion of the rotational fastener along the fixation member in a direction nonparallel to the first axis,

wherein the rotational fastener comprises an interpositional member and an engagement member configured to be actuated with respect to the interpositional member to move the rotational fastener from an unlocked configuration to the locked configuration, wherein the engagement member is shaped to expand to move the rotational fastener from the unlocked configuration to the locked configuration, and wherein the rotational fastener further comprises a rotational locking member configured to be advanced along the interpositional member to urge the engagement member to expand, and to keep the rotational fastener in the locked configuration.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein, in the locked configuration, the rotational fastener further engages the implant in any of a plurality of relative orientations between the implant and the rotational fastener about a second axis orthogonal to the first axis and in any of a plurality of relative orientations about a third axis orthogonal to the first and second axes, wherein, in the locked configuration, any relative motion between the implant and the rotational fastener is substantially prevented.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the engagement member comprises an implant engagement surface having a generally spherical shape, wherein the engagement member comprises a plurality of grooves that permit expansion of the implant engagement surface.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the interpositional member comprises a tapered shape, wherein the engagement member is configured to expand in response to advancement toward a wider end of the tapered shape.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a translational locking member shaped to engage the fixation member to restrict motion of the rotational fastener along the fixation member.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bone comprises a vertebra

wherein the implant comprises an articular surface shaped to replace at least a portion of a natural facet articular surface of the vertebra.

7. An apparatus comprising:

an implant;

a fixation member having a first interface and a distal end implantable in a bone; and

a rotational fastener comprising:

an interpositional member comprising a second interface, wherein the second interface is complementary to the first interface with clearance, wherein the first and second interfaces are keyed together to permit translation of the interpositional member along the fixation element and restrict rotation of the interpositional member around the fixation element,

an engagement member configured to be coupled to the interpositional member, the engagement member comprising an implant engagement surface, wherein the engagement member is configured to be actuated with respect to the interpositional member to move the rotational fastener from an unlocked to a locked configuration, and wherein the engagement member is shaped to expand the rotational fastener from the unlocked configuration to the locked configuration; and

a rotational locking member configured to be advanced along the interpositional member to urge the engagement member to expand, and to keep the rotational fastener in the locked configuration,

wherein the engagement member is expandable to move the implant engagement surface into engagement with the implant to restrict rotation of the implant with respect to the rotational fastener.

8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the implant engagement surface is shaped to expand into engagement with the implant in any of a plurality orientations of the engagement member with respect to the implant about a first axis, in any of a plurality of orientations of the engagement member with respect to the implant about a second axis, and in any of a plurality of orientations of the engagement member with respect to the implant about a third axis, wherein the first, second, and third axes are mutually perpendicular, wherein the first, second, and third axes are nonparallel to the direction of translation of the interpositional member along the fixation element.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the implant engagement surface has a generally spherical shape, wherein the engagement member comprises a plurality of grooves that permit expansion of the implant engagement surface.

10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the interpositional member comprises a tapered shape, wherein the engagement member is configured to expand in response to advancement toward a wider end of the tapered shape.

11. The apparatus of claim 7 , further comprising a translational locking member shaped to engage the fixation member to restrict motion of the rotational fastener along the fixation member.

12. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the bone comprises a vertebra,

wherein the implant comprises an articular surface shaped to replace at least a portion of a natural facet articular surface of the vertebra.