High pressure refolding of protein aggregates and inclusion bodies
The present disclosure provides an effective method for the refolding of denatured proteins in solution so that properly folded, biologically active protein in solution is recovered in high yield. The refolding takes place at pressures between about 0.25 kbar to about 3.5 kbar, advantageously at about 1.5 kbar to about 3 kbar. Typically a chaotropic agent is present at a concentration which is not effective for denaturing protein at atmospheric pressure, and optionally, oxidation-reduction reagents can be incorporated in the refolding solution so that native intramolecular disulfide bonds can be formed where that is desired. The method is applicable to substantially all proteins, especially after solubilization and/or denaturation of insoluble protein aggregates, inclusion bodies, or abnormal oligomeric (soluble) aggregates.
1. A method for producing renatured, biologically active protein from a soluble denatured protein solution, said method comprising the steps of:
(a) adjusting the concentration of denatured protein in solution to from about 0.01 mg/mL to about 500 mg/mL;
(b) increasing pressure on the solution of denatured protein, which solution further comprises a chaotropic agent, to from about 0.25 kbar to about 3.5 kbar; and
(c) incubating the solution of denatured protein under a pressure from about 0.25 kbar to about 3.3 kbar; then
(d) reducing the chaotropic agent concentration to a level sufficient to permit biological activity of the protein at atmospheric pressure; then
(e) after step (d), reducing the pressure to atmospheric pressure, whereby the protein has refolded to assume a native conformation and has biological activity of the native protein.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein during the incubation step (c), the solution or suspension further comprises an oxidizing agent, and a reducing agent wherein the oxidizing agent is oxidized glutathione and the reducing agent is dithiothreitol.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pressure in the incubation step (c) is from about 0.5 kbar to about 3.3 kbar.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein during the incubation step (c) the chaotropic agent is guanidine hydrochloride present at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 1M.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein during the incubation step (c) the protein concentration is from about 1 to about 100 mg/mL.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein during the incubation step (c) the protein concentration is from about 1 to about 20 mg/mL.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at step (d), the concentration of the chaotropic agent is decreased to less than about 0.001M.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein, prior to step (a), the solubilized denatured protein is treated with a reducing agent.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution of protein in step (a) comprises a detergent.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the detergent is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyethoxysorbitan, deoxycholate, sodium octyl sulfate, sodium tetradecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene ethers, sodium cholate, octylthioglucopyranoside, n-octylglucopyranoside, alkyltrimethylammonium bromides, alkyltrimethyl ammonium chlorides, and sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate.