Semiconductor nanocrystal complexes and methods of detecting molecular interactions using same
A water-stable semiconductor nanocrystal complex adapted to act as a FRET donor. The present invention also provides a method of detecting molecular interactions in an aqueous solution between a FRET acceptor and a semiconductor nanocrystal complex that is a FRET donor.
1 . A semiconductor nanocrystal complex comprising:
a semiconductor nanocrystal;
a surfactant layer surrounding the semiconductor nanocrystal, the surfactant having a moiety with an affinity for the semiconductor nanocrystal and a moiety with an affinity for a hydrophobic solvent; and
an additional layer having a hydrophobic end for interacting with the surfactant layer and a hydrophilic end, wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex is adapted to act as a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor.
2 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a semiconductor nanocrystal shell overcoating a semiconductor nanocrystal core.
3 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic end of the additional layer comprises a functional group for coupling to one or more tertiary molecules.
4 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 3 , further comprising a tertiary molecule coupled to the functional group.
5 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 4 , wherein the tertiary molecule is a member of a specific binding pair.
6 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 5 , wherein the member of the specific binding pair is selected from the group consisting of antibody, antigen, hapten, antihapten, biotin, avidin, streptavidin, IgG, protein A, protein G, drug receptor, drug, toxin receptor, toxin, carbohydrate, lectin, peptide receptor, peptide, protein receptor, protein, carbohydrate receptor, carbohydrate, polynucleotide binding protein, polynucleotide, DNA, RNA, aDNA, aRNA, enzyme, substrate.
7 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 4 , wherein the tertiary molecule is selected from the group consisting of an polypeptide, glycopeptide, peptide nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, aptamer, cellular receptor molecule, enzyme cofactor, oligosaccharide, a liposaccharide, a glycolipid, a polymer, a metallic surface, a metallic particle, and a organic dye molecule.
8 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the additional layer is less than 100 Angstroms.
9 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 8 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the additional layer is less than 90 Angstroms.
10 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 9 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the additional layer is less than 80 Angstroms.
11 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 10 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the additional layer is less than 70 Angstroms.
12 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 3 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the functional group is less than 100 Angstroms.
13 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 12 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the functional group is less than 90 Angstroms.
14 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 13 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the functional group is less than 80 Angstroms.
15 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 14 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the functional group is less than 70 Angstroms.
16 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 4 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the tertiary molecule is less than 100 Angstroms.
17 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 16 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the tertiary molecule is less than 90 Angstroms.
18 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 17 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the tertiary molecule is less than 80 Angstroms.
19 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 18 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal and the tertiary molecule is less than 70 Angstroms.
20 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has a quantum yield of over 10% as measured under ambient conditions.
21 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has a quantum yield of over 20% as measured under ambient conditions.
22 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has a quantum yield of over 35% as measured under ambient conditions.
23 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has a quantum yield of over 50% as measured under ambient conditions.
24 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has an energy transfer greater than 30%.
25 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has an energy transfer greater than 40%.
26 . The semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has an energy transfer greater than 50%.
27 . A method of detecting an acceptor molecule in a aqueous solution comprising:
introducing the semiconductor nanocrystal complex of claim 4 into an aqueous solution;
exciting the semiconductor nanocrystal complex;
determining a light emission from the aqueous solution containing the semiconductor nanocrystal complex; and
detecting the presence of an acceptor molecule in the aqueous solution based on the light emission.
28 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal complex and the acceptor molecule is between 1 and 10 nanometers.
29 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the distance between the semiconductor nanocrystal complex and the tertiary molecule is less than 100 Angstroms.
30 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has a quantum yield of over 10%.
31 . The method of claim 27 , wherein the semiconductor nanocrystal complex has an energy transfer greater than 30%.