Electrolyte composition for nickel-zinc batteries
Electrodes and electrolytes for nickel-zinc secondary battery cells possess compositions that limit dendrite formation and other forms of material redistribution in the zinc electrode. In addition, the electrolytes may possess one or more of the following characteristics: good performance at low temperatures, long cycle life, low impedance and suitability for high rate applications.
1. A rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell comprising:
a negative electrode comprising zinc or a zinc compound;
a positive electrode comprising nickel oxide, hydroxide, and/or oxyhydroxide; and
an electrolyte comprising:
between about 0.025 and 0.25 M phosphate;
between about 4 and 9 M free alkalinity,
between about 0 and 1 M borate; and
an indium compound.
2. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the phosphate is present in the electrolyte in a concentration of between about 0.05 and 0.15 M.
3. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the free alkalinity is present in the electrolyte in a concentration of between about 4 M and 6 M.
4. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the free alkalinity is present in the electrolyte in a concentration of between about 6 M and 9 M.
5. The battery cell of claim 4 , wherein the free alkalinity is provided as hydroxides of sodium, lithium, and potassium.
6. The battery cell of claim 5 , wherein electrolyte comprises lithium hydroxide at about 0-4 M, sodium hydroxide at about 1.5 to 3.5 M, and potassium hydroxide at about 4-7 M.
7. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the indium compound is indium sulfate, indium acetate, or indium fluoride.
8. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the indium compound is present in the electrolyte in a concentration of between about 0.0003 and 0.01 M.
9. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene glycol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and an alkyl phosphate ester.
10. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode comprises no organic compound other than one or both of a fluorinated polyolefin and a dispersion agent.
11. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell is a starved format cell.
12. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the recited electrolyte composition exists prior to formation of the rechargeable nickel-zinc cell.
13. The battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises between about 0.01 and 1 M fluoride.
14. A rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell comprising:
a negative electrode comprising zinc or a zinc compound;
a positive electrode comprising nickel oxide, hydroxide, and/or oxyhydroxide; and
an electrolyte comprising:
between about 0.025 and 0.25 M phosphate;
between about 4 and 9 M free alkalinity;
between about 0 and 1 M borate; and,
a compound selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene glycol, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, and an alkyl phosphate ester.
15. A rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell comprising:
a negative electrode comprising zinc or a zinc compound;
a positive electrode comprising nickel oxide, hydroxide, and/or oxyhydroxide; and
an electrolyte comprising:
between about 0.025 and 0.25 M phosphate;
between about 4 and 9 M free alkalinity;
between about 0 and 1 M borate; and,
wherein the positive electrode comprises no organic compound other than one or both of a fluorinated polyolefin and a dispersion agent.
16. The rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell of claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises an indium compound.
17. The rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell of claim 15 , wherein the rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell is a starved format cell.
18. The rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell of claim 15 , wherein the recited electrolyte composition exists prior to formation of the rechargeable nickel-zinc cell.
19. The rechargeable nickel-zinc battery cell of claim 15 , the electrolyte further comprises between about 0.01 and 1 M fluoride.