Nanoparticle based photodynamic therapy and methods of making and using same
A novel method for cancer treatment that combines radiotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). More particularly, luminescent nanoparticles with attached photosensitizers, such as porphyrins, are used as a new type of agent for photodynamic therapy. Upon exposure to ionizing radiation, light will emit from the nanoparticles to activate the photosensitizers; as a consequence, a singlet oxygen is produced to augment the killing of cancer cells by ionizing radiation. No external light is necessary to activate the photosensitizing agent within tumors. The combination of radiotherapy and PDT is more efficient than either used alone.
1 . A method for photodynamic therapy comprising the steps of:
providing at least one luminescent nanoparticle;
providing at least one photosensitizer, wherein the at least one photosensitizer is functionally associated with the at least one luminescent nanoparticle; and
providing an excitation source, wherein the excitation source is capable of exciting the at least one luminescent nanoparticle to thereby excite the at least one photosensitizer to provide the photodynamic therapy.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the luminescence of the at least one luminescent nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of scintillation luminescence, persistent luminescence, afterglow, thermoluminescence, magnetoluminescence, phosphorescence, photostimulated luminescence, and bioluminescence.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one luminescent nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of semiconductor nanoparticles, insulator nanoparticles, doped nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, core-shell nanoparticles, size confined nanoparticles, dielectric confined nanoparticles, size and dielectric doubly confined nanoparticles, and combinations thereof.
4 . The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one luminescent nanoparticle has a diameter from about 0.1 nm to about 5000 nm.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one luminescent nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of CaF 2 :Mn 2+ , CaF 2 :Eu 2+ , CaF 2 :Ce 3+ , BaFBr:Eu 2+ , BaFBr:Mn 2+ , CaPO 4 :Mn 2+ , CaPO 4 :Eu 2+ , ZnS, ZnO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, TiO 2 nanoparticles and combinations thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of organic dyes, porphyrins and their derivatives, flavins, organometallic species, inorganic compounds, fullerenes, semiconductor nanoparticle photosensitizers, and combinations thereof.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one photosensitizer is a porphyrin.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the at least one photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of haematoporphyrin, verteporfin, tetrakis(o-aminophenyl)porphyrin, and combinations thereof.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of ZnO nanoparticles, Si nanoparticles, TiO 2 nanoparticles and combinations thereof.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle and the at least one photosensitizer are operably associated with one another by a functional ligand.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the functional ligand is cysteine.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle and the at least one photosensitizer are operably associated with one another by electrostatic interaction.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle and the photosensitizer are operably associated with one another by coating the at least one photosensitizer on the surface of the at least one nanoparticle.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , ZnO and combinations thereof.
15 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the at least one nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of CaF 2 :Eu 2+ , ZnO and combinations thereof.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the excitation source is an ionizing radiation source.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the radiation source produces radiation selected from the group consisting of X-rays, alpha-particles, beta-particles, neutrons, gamma rays and combinations thereof.
18 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the radiation source is at least one radioactive atom doped in or bound to the at least one luminescent nanoparticle.
19 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the radiation source is capable of at least two functions comprising radiation therapy and excitation of the at least one luminescent nanoparticle, wherein the excited luminescent nanoparticle is capable of exciting the at least one photosensitizer and thereby provide the photodynamic therapy.
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the excitation source is heat.
21 . The method of claim 20 , wherein the heat is generated by a method selected from the group consisting of infrared light, a magnetic field and combinations thereof.
22 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method for photodynamic therapy is used for the photodynamic treatment of cancer or a tumor in a patient.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the tumor is a bladder tumor.
24 . The method of claim 22 , wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer, ovarian cancer and combinations thereof.
25 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the method for photodynamic therapy is used for the photodynamic treatment of an infectious disease in a patient.
26 . The method of claim 25 , wherein the infectious disease is caused by a bacteria or a virus.
27 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the bacteria is E. coli.
28 . The method of claim 26 , wherein the virus is selected from the group consisting of an influenza virus, a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus and combinations thereof.
29 . The method of claim 1 , further including the step of providing targeting of the least one luminescent nanoparticle that is functionally associated with the at least one photosensitizer.
30 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the targeting is provided by a method selected from the group consisting of antibody-antigen targeting, receptor targeting and combinations thereof.
31 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the targeting is provided by the conjugation of folic acid to the at least one luminescent nanoparticle.
32 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the targeting is provided by the encapsulation of the at least one luminescent nanoparticle functionally associated with the at least one photosensitizer in at least one liposome, wherein said liposome has a functionalized surface that acts as a receptor.
33 . A method for photodynamic therapy comprising the steps of:
providing at least one luminescent photosensitizer nanoparticle, and
providing an ionizing radiation source, wherein the ionizing radiation source is capable of exciting the at least one luminescent photosensitizer nanoparticle to provide photodynamic therapy.
34 . The method of claim 33 , wherein the at least one luminescent photosensitizer nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of ZnO nanoparticles, Si nanoparticles, TiO 2 nanoparticles and combinations thereof.