Functional device, electrochromic device, optical device, and image-taking unit

1. A functional device comprising a semiconductor material,

wherein the functional device contains

a compound not substantially undergoing oxidation-reduction reaction but having at least one lone electron pair and in which adding the compound negatively changes a flat band potential of the semiconductor material with respect to a case not adding it.

2. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein the compound is a heterocyclic compound.

3. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein an atom having the lone electron pair is an N atom or an O atom.

4. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein the compound having the lone electron pair is an N or O atom-containing, 5- or 6-membered ring compound.

5. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein a charge on an atom having the lone electron pair is −0.40 or less.

6. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein an energy level of an atom having the lone electron pair is −11 eV or more.

7. The functional device as claimed in claim 1 ,

wherein a charge on an atom having the lone electron pair is −0.50 or less, and

an energy level of the atom having the lone electron pair is −9.5 eV or more.

8. An electrochromic device which is the functional device as claimed in claim 1 , comprising:

a cathode;

an anode; and

a charge-transporting material sandwiched between the cathode and the anode,

wherein the charge-transporting material contains the compound.

9. The electrochromic device as claimed in claim 8 , having an optical density of 0.2 or less at a wavelength of 400 nm in a decolored state.

10. The electrochromic device as claimed in claim 8 ,

wherein a mean value of an optical density at a wavelength of from 400 to 500 nm, a mean value of an optical density at a wavelength of from 500 to 600 nm, and an mean value of an optical density at a wavelength of from 600 to 700 nm in a decolored state are all 0.1 or less.

11. An optical device comprising:

an electromotive force-generating element capable of generating an electromotive force in response to electromagnetic waves; and

the electrochromic device as claimed in claim 8 capable of being driven by the electromotive force.

12. An image-taking unit comprising the optical device as claimed in claim 11 .

13. The image-taking unit as claimed in claim 12 , which is a lens-combined film.