Alloy compositions for lithium ion batteries

1. A lithium ion battery comprising a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte that is electrical communication with both the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode comprises an alloy composition that is amorphous, the alloy composition comprising

a) tin in an amount of 1 to 50 mole percent;

b) a second element comprising silicon, aluminum, or a combination thereof, wherein the second element is present in an amount of 20 to 95 mole percent; and

c) a third element comprising yttrium, a lanthanide element, actinide element, or a combination thereof in an amount of at least 3 mole percent and an optional alkaline earth element, wherein the third element is present in an amount of 3 to 50 mole percent,

wherein the alloy composition is substantially free of transition metal,

wherein each mole percent is based on a total number of moles of all elements in the alloy composition except lithium, and

wherein an x-ray diffraction pattern of the alloy composition has broad peaks having a maximum width at half of the maximum peak height of at least 5 degrees two theta.

2. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the third element comprises cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or a combination thereof.

3. The lithium ion battery of claim 2 , wherein the third element further comprises an alkaline earth element comprising magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, or a combination thereof.

4. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the alloy composition comprises particles having a maximum dimension of 1 micrometers to 60 micrometers.

5. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the alloy composition further comprises an alkaline metal.

6. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the alloy composition comprises less than 1 mole percent of a transition metal based on the moles of the alloy composition.

7. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the alloy composition is of Formula I:

Sn a Si b Al c M d A e T f Li g   (I)

wherein

a is an number in the range of 1 to 50;

b is a number in the range of 0 to 95;

c is a number in the range of 0 to 95;

b+c is a number in the range of 20 to 95;

M is yttrium, a lanthanide, actinide element, or a combination thereof;

d is a number in the range of 3 to 50;

A is an alkaline earth element;

e is a number in the range of 0 to 20;

d+e is a number in the range of 3 to 50;

T is a transition metal;

f is a number in the range of 0 to 1;

g is a number in the range of 0 to [4.4(a+b)+c]; and

a+b+c+d+e+f is equal to 100.

8. The lithium ion battery of claim 7 , wherein

a is a number in the range of 10 to 40;

b is a number in the range of 40 to 90;

c is a number in the range of 0 to 5;

d is a number in the range of 5 to 15;

e is a number in the range of 0 to 10; and

f is a number in the range of 0 to 1.

9. The lithium ion battery of claim 7 , wherein

a is a number in the range of 10 to 40;

b is a number in the range of 0 to 5;

c is a number in the range of 40 to 90;

d is a number in the range of 10 to 20;

e is a number in the range of 0 to 10; and

f is a number in the range of 0 to 1.

10. The lithium ion battery of claim 7 , wherein

a is a number in the range of 15 to 25;

b is a number in the range of 1 to 15;

c is a number in the range of 50 to 70;

d is a number in the range of 10 to 20;

e is a number in the range of 0 to 10; and

f is a number in the range of 0 to 1.

11. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode further comprises an organic binder comprising a polyimide.

12. The lithium ion battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode further comprises lithium metal.

13. A battery pack comprising at least one lithium ion battery according to claim 1 .

14. A method of preparing a lithium ion battery, said method comprising:

providing an amorphous alloy composition comprising

a) tin in an amount of 1 to 50 mole percent;

b) a second element comprising silicon, aluminum, or a combination thereof, wherein the second element is present in an amount of 20 to 95 mole percent; and

c) a third element comprising yttrium, a lanthanide element, an actinide element, or a combination thereof and an optional alkaline earth element, wherein the third element is present in an amount of 3 to 50 mole percent,

wherein the alloy composition is substantially free of transition metal,

wherein each mole percent is based on a total number of moles of all elements in the alloy composition except lithium; and

providing a cathode and an electrolyte, wherein the electrolyte is in electrical communication with both the cathode and the anode,

wherein an x-ray diffraction pattern of the alloy composition has broad peaks having a maximum width at half of the maximum peak height of at least 5 degrees two theta.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein providing the alloy composition comprises melt processing tin, the second element, and the third element.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein providing the alloy composition comprises sputtering tin, the second element, and the third element.

17. The method of claim 14 , wherein the third element comprises cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or a combination thereof.

18. The method of claim 14 , wherein providing the alloy composition comprises forming particles having a maximum dimension of 1 micrometers to 60 micrometers.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the alloy composition is of Formula I:

Sn a Si b Al c M d A e T f Li g   (I)

wherein

a is an number in the range of 1 to 50;

b is a number in the range of 0 to 95;

c is a number in the range of 0 to 95;

b+c is a number in the range of 20 to 95;

M is yttrium, a lanthanide, an actinide element, or a combination thereof;

d is a number in the range of 3 to 50;

A is an alkaline earth element;

e is a number in the range of 0 to 20;

d+e is a number in the range of 3 to 50;

T is a transition metal;

f is a number in the range of 0 to 1;

g is a number in the range of 0 to [4.4(a+b)+c]; and

a+b+c+d+e+f is equal to 100.

20. An alloy composition comprising

a) tin in an amount of 1 to 50 mole percent;

b) a second element comprising silicon, aluminum, or a combination thereof, wherein the second element is present in an amount of 20 to 95 mole percent; and

c) a third element comprising yttrium, a lanthanide element, actinide element, or a combination thereof in an amount of at least 3 mole percent and an optional alkaline earth element, wherein the third element is present in an amount of 3 to 50 mole percent,

wherein the alloy composition is substantially free of transition metal,

wherein each mole percent is based on a total number of moles of all elements in the alloy composition except lithium,

wherein the alloy composition is amorphous, and

wherein an x-ray diffraction pattern of the alloy composition has broad peaks having a maximum width at half of the maximum peak height of at least 5 degrees two theta.