Covalent attachment of biomolecules to solid supports by a polymerization method
Described herein is a novel approach for the immobilization of one or more biomolecules or biomolecule complexes to solid supports. The method describes the modification of a solid support, if required, attaching functionality to a biomolecule or biomolecule complex, and linking the biomolecule or biomolecule complex to the solid support. The described complexes are rapidly produced while conserving both orientation and functional activity of the utilized biomolecule or biomolecule complex. Thus, materials produced by this method thus have applications as nanomaterials for biosensor fabrication, screening microarrays, high-throughput drug discovery, and as a tool for combinatorial chemistry, to name only a few.
1 . A method for immobilizing a biomolecule on a solid support the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a solid support comprising a first acrylate functional group;
(b) covalently attaching to the biomolecule a second acrylate functional group; and
(c) linking the first acrylate finctional group to the second acrylate functional group with a covalent bond.
2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first acrylate functional group is a methacrylate functional group.
3 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second acrylate functional group is a methacrylate functional group.
4 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and the second acrylate functional groups are methacrylate functional groups.
7 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the providing step includes reacting a solid matrix with a compound of the formula:
H 2 C═C(R 1 )CO—X; wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl; and X is a leaving group.
6 . The method according to claim 5 , wherein the leaving group is selected from the group consisting of N-hydroxysuccinimide and analogs and derivatives thereof, halides, and carboxylates.
7 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the providing step includes reacting a solid matrix with a compound of the formula:
H 2 C═C(R 1 )CO—Y-Q-Y-Z; wherein R 1 is hydrogen or alkyl; Y=—NH— or —O—; Q is selected from the group consisting of alkylenes and poly(alkylene oxides); and Z is an activating group.
8 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein Q is alkylene of the formula (CH 2 ) n , where n=4-12.
9 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein Q is PEG 400-6000 .
10 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of imidazolyl, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl, and analogues and derivatives thereof, halides, and carboxylates.
11 . The method of claim 7 , wherein Z is N-hydroxysuccinimidyl-COCH 2 .
12 . A method for providing a solid support comprising a methacrylate functional group, the method comprising the step of reacting a solid matrix with an amine of the formula:
H 2 C═CH—R—NH 2 ; wherein R is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) n , where n=4-12, and PEG 400-6000 .
13 . The method of claim 12 , further comprising the step of subsequently reacting the aminated solid support with a methacrylating reagent of the formula:
H 2 C═C(CH 3 )CO—X; wherein X is selected from the group consisting of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl and analogs and derivatives thereof, halo, and carboxylates.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid support further comprises a solid matrix selected from the group consisting of glass, quartz, plastics, silicon, hydrogel, nanoparticles, and a carbon nanotube.
15 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the providing step includes (i) reacting a gold solid support with a compound of the formula R 1 S—(CH 2 ) n —NH 2 , where n=4-12; and R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl C 2 -C 6 —S, or disulfide; and (ii) subsequently reacting the gold solid support with a compound of the formula H 2 C═C(CH 3 )CO—X; where X is a leaving group.
16 . The method according to claim 15 , wherein the leaving group is selected from the group consisting of N-hydroxysuccinimidyl and analogs and derivatives thereof, halide, and carboxylates
17 . The method according to claim 3 , wherein the attaching step includes reacting the biomolecule with a compound of the formula:
wherein R 1 =(CH 2 ) n , n=2-12; and R 2 =P(OCH 2 CH 2 CN)N(iPr) 2 or CO(CH 2 ) m CO-CPG, where m=1-8.
18 . The method according to claim 1 where the attaching step includes reacting the biomolecule with a compound of the formula:
H 2 C═C(CH 3 )CONH—(CH 2 ) n —CONHS; where n= 2-12.
19 . The method according to claim 17 wherein the biomolecule is a biomolecule complex.
20 . The method according to claim 1 where attaching step includes reacting the biomolecule with a compound of the formula:
H 2 C═C(CH 3 )CONH—(CH 2 ) n —C 6 H 4 —COCH 2 Br; where n= 2-6.
or
H 2 C═C(CH 3 )CONH—R 3 —NHCOCH 2 —X; where X=Br, I; R 3 is (C 2 -C 12 )alkylene, or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkylene.
21 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the biomolecule is a nucleic acid, and the second acrylate functional group is covalently attached to the biomolecule at a location selected from the group consisting of the 3′ end, and the 5′ end, of the biomolecule.
22 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein the biomolecule is a peptide or protein, and the second acrylate functional group is covalently attached to the biomolecule at the N-terminus of the biomolecule.
23 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the linking step includes covalent bond formation using radiation.
24 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the linking step includes covalent bond formation using a radical initiator.
25 . A microarray comprising the reaction products of:
(a) a solid support comprising a first acrylate group; and
(b) a biomolecule comprising a second acrylate group;
where the reaction includes the attachment of one or more biomolecules to a solid support.