Surface Modification in a Manipulation Chamber

1 . A device for manipulating a biological material, the device comprising:

at least one electrode and a photoconductive material configured to receive the biological material; and

a light source configured to illuminate the photoconductive material so as to modulate an electric field, wherein the electric field is configured to manipulate the biological material;

wherein a surface of the at least one electrode and/or the photoconductive material is modified with at least one of a carboxylic moiety, an amino moiety, a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, a polymer of (poly(ethylene oxide)methyl ether)acrylate, a poly(2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate), a poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), a poly(N-vinylformamide), a poly(N-vinylformamide) derivative, a poly((meth)acrylamide), and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative.

2 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the photoconductive material surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety.

3 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is further modified with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety.

4 . The device of claim 3 , wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety comprises from about 5 to about 1000 repeating units.

5 . The device of claim 3 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is bioconjugated with a biomolecule.

6 . The device of claim 2 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is further modified with at least one of a poly((meth)acrylamide) and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative.

7 . The device of claim 6 , wherein the poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

8 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the electrode surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety.

9 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the modified electrode surface is further modified with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety.

10 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode comprises a metal electrode.

11 . The device of claim 10 , wherein the metal electrode comprises a transparent gold electrode.

12 . The device of claim 10 , wherein the metal electrode is chosen from one of gold, indium tin oxide, and aluminum.

13 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the device comprises two electrodes and further comprises a power source configured to apply an electric potential between the two electrodes.

14 . The device of claim 13 , wherein the power source is chosen from a DC and an AC power source.

15 . A method of manufacturing a modified surface for use in a manipulation chamber, comprising:

providing a surface to be modified; and

bonding to the surface at least one of a carboxylic moiety, an amino moiety, a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, a polymer of (poly(ethylene oxide)methyl ether)acrylate, a poly(2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate), a poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), a poly(N-vinylformamide), a poly(N-vinylformamide) derivative, a poly((meth)acrylamide), and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative.

16 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the surface is chosen from an electrode, a photoconductive material, and a transparent conductive layer.

17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the photoconductive material surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is further modified with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety.

19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety comprises from about 5 to about 1000 repeating units.

20 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is bioconjugated with a biomolecule.

21 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the modified photoconductive material surface is further modified with at least one of a poly((meth)acrylamide) and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative.

22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative is poly(N-isopropylacrylamide).

23 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the electrode surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety.

24 . The method of claim 23 , wherein the modified electrode surface is further modified with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety.

25 . The method of claim 15 , wherein the bonding is performed using a neat process.

26 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a PEG-silane is used to bond the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety to the surface.

27 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a Michael addition reaction is used to bond the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety to the surface.

28 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a PEG-NHS ester is used to bond the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety to the surface.

29 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a maleimido-PEG is used to bond the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety to the surface.

30 . The method of claim 18 , wherein a glycidylalkoxysilane and an amino-PEG are used to bond the poly(ethylene glycol) moiety to the surface.

31 . The method of claim 15 , further comprising pre-treating the surface to be modified to increase the density of silanol groups.

32 . The method of claim 31 , wherein pre-treating comprises:

cleaning the surface with an acetone wash; and

treating the surface with a 1:1:4: v/v solution containing 29% NH 4 OH, 30% H 2 O 2 , and deionized water.

33 . The method of claim 32 , further comprising further treating the surface with a 1:1:4 v/v solution containing 38% HCl, 30% H 2 O 2 , and deionized water.

34 . A method of reducing adsorption of a biological material in a manipulation chamber, comprising:

providing a first electrode and a second electrode; and

providing a photoconductive material, and optionally a transparent layer formed over the photoconductive material;

wherein a surface of at least one of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoconductive material, and optionally the transparent layer is modified with at least one of a carboxylic moiety, an amino moiety, a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, a polymer of (poly(ethylene oxide)methyl ether)acrylate, a poly(2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate), a poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), a poly(N-vinylformamide), a poly(N-vinylformamide) derivative, a poly((meth)acrylamide), and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative; and

providing a biological material to be sorted between the first and second electrodes.

35 . The method of claim 34 , wherein the surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety and is further modified with at least one of a poly((meth)acrylamide) and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative and the surface is at a temperature below a predetermined temperature.

36 . The method of claim 34 , wherein the surface is modified with a carboxylic moiety and is further modified with a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety thereby increasing the hydrophilicity of the surface.

37 . A method of increasing adsorption of a biological material in a manipulation chamber, comprising:

providing a first electrode and a second electrode;

providing a photoconductive material, and optionally a transparent layer formed over the photoconductive material;

wherein a surface of at least one of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoconductive material, and optionally the transparent layer is modified with a carboxylic moiety, which is further modified with at least one of a poly((meth)acrylamide), and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative; and

providing a biological material to be sorted between the first and second electrodes.

38 . The method of claim 37 , wherein the modified surface adsorbs at least a portion of the biological material when the surface is at a temperature above a predetermined temperature.

39 . A method of manipulating a biological material, comprising:

providing a surface; and

modifying at least a portion of surface so that it selectively adsorbs at least a portion of the biological material when the surface is at a temperature above a predetermined temperature, and does not adsorb at least a portion of the biological material when the surface is at a temperature below the predetermined temperature.

40 . The method of claim 34 , further comprising:

maintaining the surface at a temperature above the predetermined temperature;

adsorbing at least a portion of the biological material on the modified surface;

spreading the adsorbed cells into a continuous layer on the modified surface;

reducing the surface temperature below the predetermined temperature; and

lifting the layer of biological material off the surface.

41 . A plurality of discrete areas on s surface of at least a portion of a first electrode, a second electrode, a photoconductive material, and optionally a transparent layer grafted with at least one of a carboxylic moiety, an amino moiety, a poly(ethylene glycol) moiety, a polymer of (poly(ethylene oxide)methyl ether)acrylate, a poly(2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate), a poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), a poly(N-vinylformamide), a poly(N-vinylformamide) derivative, a poly((meth)acrylamide), and a poly((meth)acrylamide) derivative.

42 . The plurality of discrete areas of claim 41 are arranged in an array of rows and columns.