Electrochromic device having the functionality of a secondary battery and manufacturing method thereof
Disclosed herein is an electrochromic device having the functionality of a secondary battery. The electrochromic device includes a plurality of secondary battery/display segments in which a double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles is disposed on a transparent electrode, and a cathode active material for a lithium secondary battery is disposed on a counter electrode to enable oxidation and reduction of lithium. Methods of manufacturing the electrochromic device are disclosed as well.
1. An electrochromic device, comprising:
a plurality of secondary battery/display segments, wherein each of the secondary battery/display segments comprises:
a transparent electrode;
a double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles disposed on the transparent electrode;
a counter electrode opposite the transparent electrode;
a cathode active material disposed on the counter electrode; and
an electrolyte disposed in a space between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode; wherein the electrochromic device has a functionality of a secondary battery.
2. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the mesoporous metal oxide particles have an average longest dimension of about 5 to about 50 nanometers.
3. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the macroporous metal oxide particles have an average longest dimension of about 100 to about 400 micrometers.
4. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide of the macroporous metal oxide particles and/or the mesoporous metal oxide particles is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing metal oxides.
5. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode active material comprises LiCoO 2 , LiMn x O 2x , (wherein x is 1 or 2), LiNi 1-x Mn x O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦1), LiNi 1-x Co x O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦1), LiN 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.5), LiFeO 2 , or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing materials.
6. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a hole-conductive polymeric electrolyte.
7. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of photovoltaic cell segments in the same plane as the secondary battery/display segments wherein each photovoltaic cell segment comprises:
a transparent electrode;
a double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles disposed on the transparent electrode;
a counter electrode opposite the transparent electrode; and
an electrolyte disposed in a space between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode.
8. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of lithium secondary battery segments in the same plane as the secondary battery/display segments, wherein each lithium secondary battery segment comprises:
an electrode;
an anode active material disposed on the electrode to enable intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions;
a counter electrode opposite the electrode;
a cathode active material disposed on the counter electrode;
a separator disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode; and
an electrolyte disposed in a space between the electrode and the counter electrode.
9. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a plurality of photovoltaic cell segments in the same plane as the secondary battery/display segments, wherein each of the photovoltaic cell segments comprises a transparent electrode, a double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles disposed on the transparent electrode, a counter electrode opposite the transparent electrode, and an electrolyte disposed in a space between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode; and
a plurality of lithium secondary battery segments in the same plane as the secondary battery/display segments, wherein each of the lithium secondary battery segments comprises an electrode, an anode active material disposed on the electrode to enable intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, a counter electrode opposite the electrode, a cathode active material disposed on the counter electrode, a separator disposed between the electrode and the counter electrode, and an electrolyte disposed in a space between the electrode and the counter electrode.
10. The electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the anode active material comprises lithium, lithium alloys, carbon materials, graphite materials, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing materials.
11. A method of making an electrochromic device having a functionality of a secondary battery, the method comprising:
disposing a first double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles on a transparent electrode;
disposing a first cathode active material on a counter electrode;
placing the counter electrode opposite the transparent electrode; and
disposing an electrolyte in a space between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode to form a first secondary battery segment.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising:
disposing a second double metal oxide layer comprising mesoporous metal oxide particles and macroporous metal oxide particles on the transparent electrode; and
disposing a second cathode active material on the counter electrode to form a second secondary battery segment in a same plane as the first secondary battery segment.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising coating an electrically conductive material on a substrate to form the transparent electrode.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein disposing the first and/or second cathode active material on the counter electrode comprises:
mixing a lithium-containing metal oxide, a conductive agent, and a binder in a solvent to form a solution;
casting the solution on the counter electrode; and
drying the cast solution on the counter electrode.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein disposing the first and/or second cathode active material on the counter electrode comprises:
mixing a lithium-containing metal oxide, a conductive agent, and a binder in a solvent to form a solution;
casting the solution on a substrate;
drying the cast solution on the substrate to form a film;
peeling the film off the substrate; and
laminating the peeled film on the counter electrode.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising disposing a photovoltaic cell segment in the same plane as the first secondary battery segment, wherein disposing the photovoltaic cell segment comprises disposing a third double metal oxide layer on the transparent electrode, wherein the third double metal oxide layer comprises mesoporous metal oxide particles, macroporous metal oxide particles, and a dye adsorbed onto a surface of the mesoporous metal oxide particles and/or the macroporous metal oxide particles.
17. The method of claim 11 , further comprising disposing a lithium secondary battery segment in the same plane as the first secondary battery segment, wherein disposing the lithium secondary battery segment comprises:
disposing an anode active material on the transparent electrode to enable intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions;
disposing a third cathode active material on the counter electrode; and
disposing a separator between the transparent electrode and the counter electrode.
18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising disposing the photovoltaic cell segment and the lithium secondary battery segment in the same plane as the first secondary battery segment.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the mesoporous metal oxide particles have an average longest dimension of about 5 to about 50 nanometers.
20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the macroporous metal oxide particles have an average longest dimension of about 100 to about 400 micrometers.
21. The method of claim 11 , wherein the metal oxide of the macroporous metal oxide particles and/or the mesoporous metal oxide particles is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, niobium oxide, hafnium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing metal oxides.
22. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cathode active material comprises LiCoO 2 , LiMn x O 2x (wherein x is 1 or 2), LiNi 1-x Mn x O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦1), LiNi 1-x Co x O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦1), LiNi 1-x-y Co x Mn y O 2 (wherein 0≦x≦0.5, 0≦y≦0.5), LiFeO 2 , or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing materials.
23. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrolyte is a hole-conductive polymeric electrolyte.