Method for in vitro recombination
The present invention relates, e.g., to an in vitro method, using isolated protein reagents, for joining two double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules of interest, wherein the distal region of the first DNA molecule and the proximal region of the second DNA molecule share a region of sequence identity, comprising (a) chewing back the DNA molecules with an enzyme having an exonuclease activity, to yield single-stranded overhanging portions of each DNA molecule which contain a sufficient length of the region of sequence identity to hybridize specifically to each other; (b) specifically annealing the single-stranded overhangs; and (c) repairing single-stranded gaps in the annealed DNA molecules and sealing the nicks thus formed (ligating the nicked DNA molecules). The region of sequence identity generally comprises at least 20 non-palindromic nucleotides (nt), e.g., at least about 40 non-palindromic nt. In some embodiments of the invention, about 5% PEG is present during all steps of the reaction, and/or the repair reaction is achieved with Taq DNA polymerase and a compatible ligase, such as Taq DNA ligase. The method allows the joining of a number of DNA fragments, in a predetermined order and orientation, without the use of restriction enzymes. It can be used, e.g., to join synthetically produced sub-fragments of a gene or genome of interest.
1. An in vitro method for joining a first set of double-stranded (ds) DNA molecules, comprising:
(a) providing two or more dsDNA molecules to be joined in a reaction mixture, wherein, for each pair of dsDNA molecules to be joined, a distal region of a first DNA molecule and a proximal region of a second DNA molecule share a region of sequence homology;
(b) treating the provided dsDNA molecules with a substantially purified enzyme having 3′-5′ exonuclease activity, whereby a single-stranded overhanging portion is generated in each of the dsDNA molecules by 3′-5′ exonuclease digestion, wherein each overhanging portion contains the region of homology or a portion thereof sufficient to specifically anneal to the overhanging portion in the other molecule of the pair;
(c) incubating the DNA molecules generated in step (b), under conditions whereby they anneal through the regions of homology or portions thereof; and
(d) treating the annealed molecules with a substantially purified polymerase and a substantially purified compatible ligase, under conditions whereby remaining single-stranded gap(s) are filled in by the polymerase and nicks are sealed by the ligase;
thereby joining the dsDNA molecules, wherein a crowding agent is present in the reaction mixture during each of steps (b), (c), and (d).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crowding agent is PEG.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the concentration of PEG in the reaction mixture is about 5% PEG.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerase in step (d) is Taq DNA polymerase.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compatible ligase in step (d) is Taq ligase.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme having 3′-5′ exonuclease activity is a DNA polymerase that exhibits exonuclease activity when incubated in the absence of dNTPs.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme having 3′-5′ exonuclease activity is selected from the group consisting of T4 DNA polymerase, T7 DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase I, Klenow DNA polymerase, Phi 29 DNA polymerase, Pfu polymerase, Phusion™ High-Fidelity polymerase, exonuclease III, Vent R ®, Deep Vent R ® and 9° N m ™ DNA polymerase.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme having 3′-5′exonuclease activity is T4 DNA polymerase.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incubating in step (c) is carried out by subjecting the molecules to conditions effective to separate any single-stranded portions that have annealed and, optionally, to inactivate the enzyme having 3′-5′ exonuclease activity, followed by slowly cooling the molecules to about 24° C. or less, under conditions effective to allow the single-stranded overhanging portions to anneal.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein subjecting the molecules to conditions effective to separate any annealed portions and, optionally, to inactivate the enzyme having 3′-5′ exonuclease activity, includes heating said molecules to 75° C. plus or minus 5° C.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating in step (d) is performed at between 45° C. and 55° C.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incubation in step (c) is carried out in the presence of a protein that enhances the binding of single-stranded overhanging portions containing homologous regions or portions thereof.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the protein that enhances the binding of the single-stranded overhanging portions is recA, E. coli single-stranded binding protein (SSB), T7 SSB (T7 gene 2.5 product), or T4 gene 32 protein.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least four dsDNA molecules are joined and each shared region of sequence homology is unique for each pair of DNA molecules joined.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least eight dsDNA molecules are joined.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the DNA molecules to be joined are at least about 5 kb in length.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the DNA molecules to be joined are at least about 140 kb in length.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the DNA molecules to be joined are at least about 500 kb in length.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for at least one pair of dsDNA molecules to be joined, the region of sequence homology comprises at least about 20 non-palindromic nucleotides in length.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for at least one pair of dsDNA molecules to be joined, the region of sequence homology comprises at least about 300 nucleotides in length.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b) through (d) are carried out in a single reaction vessel.
22. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
(i) joining a second set of dsDNA molecules by performing steps (a) through (d); and
(ii) performing a second stage assembly, comprising steps (a) through (d), wherein the dsDNA molecules provided in step (a) comprise a product produced by joining the first set and a product produced by joining the second set.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is automated and high-throughput.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein a PCI clean-up procedure is not carried out following the exonuclease digestion.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overhanging portions are generated without the use of a restriction enzyme.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dsDNA molecules are joined in a predefined order and orientation.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b) and (c) are performed in the same reaction mixture, containing the same buffer and reaction components.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein steps (b) and (c) are performed in the same reaction vessel and the vessel is not opened between steps (b) and (c).
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crowding agent is a polymer selected from the group consisting of PEG, Ficoll, and dextran.
30. The method of claim 2 , wherein the size of the PEG is within the range of PEG 4,000 to PEG 20,000.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the PEG is PEG 8,000.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating in step (d) is performed at between 37° C. and 75° C.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating in step (d) is performed at 37° C.