Front contact with high-function TCO for use in photovoltaic device and method of making same
This invention relates to a front contact for use in an electronic device such as a photovoltaic device. In certain example embodiments, the front contact of the photovoltaic device includes a low work-function transparent conductive oxide (TCO) of a material such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, or the like, and a thin high work-function TCO of a material such as oxygen-rich ITO (indium tin oxide) or the like. The high-work function TCO is located between the low work-function TCO and the uppermost semiconductor layer of the photovoltaic device so as to provide for substantial work-function matching between the low work-function TCO and the high work-function uppermost semiconductor layer of the device in order to reduce a potential barrier for holes extracted from the device by the front contact.
1 . A photovoltaic device comprising:
a front glass substrate;
an active semiconductor film;
an electrically conductive and substantially transparent front contact located between at least the front glass substrate and the semiconductor film;
wherein the front contact comprises (a) a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film having a relatively low work-function and (b) a second TCO film having a relatively high work-function; and
wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function which is higher than the work-function of the first TCO film being located between and contacting the first TCO film and an uppermost portion of the semiconductor film.
2 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work function comprises oxygen-rich indium-tin-oxide (ITO).
3 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the first TCO film has a work-function of no greater than about 4.4 eV, and the second TCO film has a work-function of at least 4.5 eV.
4 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function has a work-function of from about 4.5 to 5.7 eV.
5 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function has a work-function of from about 4.7 to 5.3 eV.
6 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the first TCO film having the relatively low work-function comprises one or more of tin oxide and zinc oxide.
7 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , further comprising a back electrode, wherein the active semiconductor film is provided between at least the front electrode and the back electrode.
8 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function is from about 10-100 Å thick.
9 . The photovoltaic device of claim 1 , wherein the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function is oxidation graded, continuously or discontinuously, so as to have a higher oxygen content adjacent the semiconductor film than adjacent the first TCO film.
10 . A front contact adapted for use in a photovoltaic device including an active semiconductor film, the front contact comprising:
a front glass substrate;
a first substantially transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film;
a second substantially transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film having a high work-function, wherein the work-function of the second TCO film is higher than that of the first TCO film; and
wherein the first TCO film is located between the glass substrate and the second TCO film, so that the second TCO film having the high work-function is adapted to be located between and contacting the first TCO film and an uppermost portion of the semiconductor film of the photovoltaic device.
11 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the second TCO film comprises oxygen-rich indium-tin-oxide (ITO).
12 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the first TCO film has a work-function of no greater than 4.4 eV, and the second TCO film has a work-function of at least 4.5 eV.
13 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the second TCO film has a work-function of from about 4.5 to 5.7 eV.
14 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the second TCO film has a work-function of from about 4.7 to 5.3 eV.
15 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the first TCO film comprises one or more of tin oxide and zinc oxide.
16 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the second TCO film is from about 10-100 Å thick.
17 . The front contact of claim 10 , wherein the second TCO film having the high work-function is oxidation graded, continuously or discontinuously, so as to have a higher oxygen content at a first side thereof adapted to be positioned adjacent the semiconductor film, than adjacent the first TCO film.
18 . A method of making a photovoltaic device, the method comprising:
providing a glass substrate;
depositing a first substantially transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film on the glass substrate;
depositing a second substantially transparent conductive oxide (TCO) film having a relatively high work-function on the glass substrate over and contacting the first TCO film, wherein the second TCO film has a higher work-function than does the first TCO film; and
forming the photovoltaic device so that the second TCO film having the relatively high work-function is sandwiched between and contacts each of the first TCO film and a semiconductor film of the photovoltaic device.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the second TCO film comprises oxygen-rich indium-tin-oxide (ITO).
20 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the first TCO film has a work-function of no greater than 4.4 eV, and the second TCO film has a work-function of at least 4.5 eV.
21 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the second TCO film has a work-function of from about 4.5 to 5.7 eV.
22 . The method of claim 18 , wherein each of said depositing steps comprises sputtering.