IONTOPHORESIS APPARATUS AND METHOD TO DELIVER ACTIVE AGENTS TO BIOLOGICAL INTERFACES
An iontophoresis device includes active and counter electrode assemblies. The active electrode assembly includes an active electrode element, an outermost ion selective membrane caching an active agent and a further active agent carried by an outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane. The active electrode assembly may also include an inner active agent reservoir storing additional active agent, an electrolyte reservoir storing electrolyte, an inner ion selective membrane positioned between the electrolyte reservoir and the active agents. The active electrode may also include an inner withdrawable sealing liner between the electrolyte reservoir and the active agents. An outer release liner may protectively cover or overlay the further active agent and/or outer surface prior to use.
1 . An iontophoresis device, comprising:
an active electrode element operable to provide an electrical potential;
an outermost ion selective membrane having an outer surface; and
a first amount of active agent carried by at least a portion of the outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane prior to use in the absence of an electromotive force or current.
2 . The iontophoresis device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second amount of active agent cached within the outermost ion selective membrane.
3 . The iontophoresis device of claim 2 wherein the first amount of active agent on the outer surface of the ion selective membrane has approximately the same composition as the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane.
4 . The iontophoresis device of claim 2 wherein the first amount of active agent on the outer surface of the ion selective membrane has a different composition than the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane.
5 . The iontophoresis device of claim 2 , further comprising:
an inner active agent reservoir positioned between the active electrode element and the outermost ion selective membrane; and
a third amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir, the third amount of additional active agent having a polarity that is the same polarity as the second amount of active agent cached within the outermost ion selective membrane.
6 . The iontophoresis device of claim 5 wherein the third amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir has approximately the same composition as the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane.
7 . The iontophoresis device of claim 5 wherein the third amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir has a different composition than that of the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane.
8 . The iontophoresis device of claim 5 wherein the outermost ion selective membrane is an ion exchange membrane having a plurality of pores, at least some of the pores including an ion exchange material to which the active agent binds.
9 . The iontophoresis device of claim 8 wherein the third amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir at least partially replaces the second amount of active agent bound to the ion exchange groups of the outermost ion selective membrane when in use.
10 . The iontophoresis device of claim 1 wherein the first amount of active agent forms a distinct layer on the outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane.
11 . The iontophoresis device of claim 10 wherein the distinctive layer is a gel layer.
12 . The iontophoresis device of claim 2 wherein the first amount of active agent is deposited on the outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane separately from loading the second amount of active agent in the outermost ion selective membrane.
13 . The iontophoresis device of claim 2 wherein the outermost ion selective membrane substantially passes ions having a first polarity that matches a polarity of the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane and substantially blocks passage of ions of a second polarity, opposite the first polarity.
14 . The iontophoresis device of claim 13 , further comprising:
an inner ion selective membrane selectively substantially passable by ions having the second polarity and substantially unpassable by ions having the first polarity; and
an electrolyte positioned between the active electrode element and the inner ion selective membrane.
15 . The iontophoresis device of claim 14 , further comprising:
an inner sealing liner withdrawably positioned between the electrolyte and any of the active agent.
16 . The iontophoresis device of claim 15 , further comprising:
a release agent on a side of the inner sealing liner that faces the inner ion selective membrane.
17 . An iontophoresis device, comprising:
an active electrode element operable to provide an electrical potential;
an outermost ion selective membrane having an outer surface;
a first amount of active agent adhered to at least a portion of the outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane; and
an outer release liner covering the first amount of active agent and at least a portion of the outer surface of the outermost selective membrane prior to use.
18 . The iontophoresis device of claim 17 , further comprising:
a second amount of active agent cached within the outermost ion selective membrane.
19 . The iontophoresis device of claim 17 , further comprising:
an electrolyte reservoir positioned between the active electrode element and the inner ion selective membrane.
20 . The iontophoresis device of claim 17 , further comprising:
a second amount of active agent cached within the outermost ion selective membrane;
an electrolyte reservoir positioned between the active electrode element and the inner ion selective membrane;
an inner active agent reservoir positioned between the electrolyte reservoir and the outermost ion selective membrane; and
a third amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir, the third amount of active agent having a polarity that is the same as a polarity as the second amount of active agent cached within the outermost ion selective membrane.
21 . The iontophoresis device of claim 20 , further comprising:
an inner sealing liner withdrawably positioned between the electrolyte reservoir and the inner active agent reservoir prior to use.
22 . The iontophoresis device of claim 21 wherein the second amount of active agent cached in the outermost ion selective membrane, the first amount of active agent on the outer surface of the outermost ion selective membrane and the second amount of active agent stored in the inner active agent reservoir are of substantially identical composition.