Electro-magnetophoresis display
The present invention is directed to an electro-magnetophoresis display having either the traditional up/down or dual switching mode. The display cells are filled with an electro-magnetophoretic dispersion comprising particles suspended in a solvent and the particles are both charged and magnetized. The display of the invention prevents undesired movement of the particles in the cells. The magnetic force generated by the magnetic layer(s) eliminates the need to provide cells with a threshold voltage high enough to avoid the cross talk and/or cross bias effects. In addition, the dual switching mode allows the particles to move in the up/down direction as well as the planar direction, thus providing a multicolor display of high color quality at very low cost.
1. An electromagnetophoresis display which comprises (a) an array of cells filled with an electromagnetophoretic fluid comprising charged and magnetic particles dispersed in a solvent and sealed with a sealing layer which is on top of said electromagnetophoretic fluid and hardened in situ and (b) two magnetic layers, wherein both magnetic layers are switchable, or both magnetic layers are permanent, or one of the two magnetic layers is switchable and the other is permanent.
2. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said array of cells are sandwiched between a top electrode layer and a bottom electrode layer, at least one of which is transparent.
3. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 which has an up/down traditional switching mode.
4. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 which has a dual switching mode.
5. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetophoretic fluid further comprises non-charged and non-magnetic particles.
6. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetophoretic fluid further comprises charged and non-magnetic particles.
7. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said magnetic particles are paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic particles.
8. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said magnetic particles are prepared from a material selected from the group consisting of gamma ferric oxide, acicular magnetite, cobalt-modified or adsorbed ferric oxide, berthollide ferric oxide, chromium dioxide, metals or alloys and organic polyradicals.
9. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 8 wherein said metal or alloy is stainless steel, Fe—Co, Fe—Ni, Fe—Co—Ni, Co—Ni, Co—Cr or Fe—Co—V alloy.
10. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 8 wherein said organic polyradical is selected from the group consisting of polymers with organic radicals in the side chain, main-chain conjugated polymers with organic radicals, two dimensional polyradicals, polymers containing paramagnetic metalloporphyrins as side chains and polymers containing paramagnetic metal ions in the main chain.
11. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 10 wherein said paramagnetic metal ion is Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) or VO(II).
12. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said magnetic particles are particles magnetized by overcoating or microencapsulating with a magnetic shell.
13. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 12 wherein said magnetic shell is formed from a material selected from the group consisting of gamma ferric oxide, acicular magnetite, cobalt-modified or adsorbed ferric oxide, berthollide ferric oxide, chromium dioxide, metals or alloys and organic polyradicals.
14. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 13 wherein said organic polyradical is selected from the group consisting of polymers with organic radicals in the side chain, main-chain conjugated polymers with organic radicals, two dimensional polyradicals, polymers containing paramagnetic metalloporphyrins as side chains and polymers containing paramagnetic metal ions in the main chain.
15. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 14 wherein said a metal or alloy is selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr, Fe—Co, Fe—Ni, Fe—Co—Ni, Co—Ni, Co—Cr and Fe—Co—V alloys.
16. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 12 wherein said magnetic polymer shell is formed of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polymers with organic radicals in the side chain, main-chain conjugated polymers with organic radicals, two dimensional polyradicals, polymers containing paramagnetic metalloporphyrins as side chains and polymers containing paramagnetic metal ions in the main chain.
17. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 16 wherein said paramagnetic metal ion is Cu(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) or VO(II).
18. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 1 wherein said magnetic particles are microcapsules containing magnetic materials dispersed in a polymeric matrix.
19. The electromagnetophoresis display of claim 18 wherein said microcapsules further comprise a pigment or dye.