Design of a large low maintenance battery pack for a hybrid locomotive
The present invention is directed to systems for prolonging battery life, such as maintaining battery cell temperatures in battery packs within specified limits, providing vibration and shock resistance, and/or electrically isolating groups of batteries from nearby conductive surfaces.
1. A hybrid vehicle, comprising:
(a) a prime mover for generating electrical energy;
(b) a battery pack for receiving, storing, and providing, as needed, the electrical energy, the battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells;
(c) at least one motor for consuming the electrical energy;
(d) a rack structure, the rack structure comprising a plurality of vertical and horizontal fire wall members defining a plurality of containment sections, each section receiving a corresponding set of battery cells;
(e) a hood assembly, the hood assembly comprising a chimney vent and hood and wall members respectively defining upper and lower plenums, the upper and lower plenums being in fluid communication with the chimney vent and separated by the wall member, the wall member inhibiting airflow between the upper and lower plenums, and the lower plenum being in fluid communication with and removing heated air from the battery pack; and
(f) a plurality of airflow channels in communication with the lower plenum, a first set of airflow channels being positioned between adjacent battery cells and a second set of airflow channels being positioned between battery cells and the vertical fire wall members, the airflow channels in the first set having a first cross-sectional area normal to the direction of airflow and the airflow channels in the second set having a second cross-sectional area normal to the direction of airflow, and wherein the first cross-sectional area is greater than the second cross-sectional area,
wherein heated air in the containment sections, the upper and lower plenums passes. by free convection, through the chimney vent and into the external environment.
2. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising a fan positioned in a fan duct, the fan duct being in communication with the chimney vent, wherein when the battery pack is less than a first temperature, the fan is disabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by free convection alone, and wherein when the battery pack is more than a second temperature, the fan is enabled and removal of at least a portion of heated air from the battery pack is done by forced convection, and wherein a plane of the fan is positioned below a plurality of louvres in the hood member, the louvres permitting air in the external environment to enter into the upper plenum.
3. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising a second plurality of airflow channels, the second plurality of airflow channels being transverse to the plurality of airflow channels and being positioned above and/or below the plurality of cells.
4. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , wherein a fire in one section is retarded from spreading to an adjacent section and wherein closure members are positioned to inhibit airflow between adjacent containment sections in the event of the fire.
5. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising a fan positioned in a fan duct, the fan duct being in communication with the chimney vent, wherein when the battery pack is less than a first temperature, the fan is disabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by free convection alone, and wherein when the battery pack is more than a second temperature, the fan is enabled and removal of at least a portion of heated air from the battery pack is done by forced convection.
6. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of vertical and longitudinal shock absorbers, a set of vertical and longitudinal shock absorbers being positioned in each containment section to absorb at least a portion of shock imparted to the absorbers by movement of and impacts to the vehicle.
7. The hybrid vehicle of claim 6 , wherein each cell is able to withstand shock loading of no less than 2 gs in the longitudinal direction, no less than about 0.25 gs in the vertical direction, and no less than about 0.1 g lateral acceleration.
8. The hybrid vehicle of claim 6 , wherein each cell is able to withstand constant vibration loading of no less than 0.00003-in deflection at 100 cycles per second and 0.03-in deflection at 1 cps.
9. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising an electrically insulating material positioned between the rack structure and a supporting deck of the vehicle and/or between each cell and a supporting member in the rack structure.
10. The hybrid vehicle of claim 1 , further comprising a support plate structure supporting the rack structure, the support plate structure being operable to permit and limit movement of the rack structure relative to the support plate structure.
11. A method for operating a hybrid vehicle, comprising:
(a) generating, by a prime mover, electrical energy;
(b) receiving, storing, and providing, as needed and by a battery pack, the electrical energy, the battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells;
(c) providing to at least one motor the electrical energy;
(d) providing a rack structure, the rack structure comprising a plurality of vertical and horizontal fire wall members defining a plurality of containment sections, each section receiving a corresponding set of battery cells,
(e) passing heated air by free convection through upper and/or lower plenums and through a chimney vent into the ambient atmosphere, wherein a hood assembly comprises the chimney vent and hood and wall members respectively defining the upper and lower plenums, the upper and lower plenums being in fluid communication with the chimney vent and separated by the wall member, the wall member inhibiting airflow between the upper and lower plenums, and the lower plenum being in fluid communication with and removing heated air from the battery pack; and
(f) passing heated air by free convention through a plurality of airflow channels in communication with the lower plenum, a first set of airflow channels being positioned between adjacent battery cells and a second set of airflow channels being positioned between battery cells and the wall member, the airflow channels in the first set having a first cross-sectional area normal to the direction of airflow and the airflow channels in the second set having a second cross-sectional area normal to the direction of airflow, and wherein the first cross-sectional area is greater than the second cross-sectional area.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of providing a fan positioned in a fan duct, the fan duct being in communication with the chimney vent, wherein when the battery pack is less than a first temperature, the fan is disabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by free convection alone, and wherein when the battery pack is more than a second temperature, the fan is enabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by forced convection, and wherein a plane of the fan is positioned below a plurality of louvres in the hood member, the louvres permitting air in the external environment to enter into the upper plenum.
13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising a second plurality of airflow channels, the second plurality of airflow channels being transverse to the plurality of airflow channels and being positioned above and/or below the plurality of cells.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein closure members are positioned to inhibit airflow between adjacent containment sections in the event of a fire.
15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of providing a fan positioned in a fan duct, the fan duct being in communication with the chimney vent, wherein when the battery pack is less than a first temperature, the fan is disabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by free convection alone, and wherein when the battery pack is more than a second temperature, the fan is enabled and removal of heated air from the battery pack is done by forced convection.
16. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of providing a plurality of vertical and longitudinal shock absorbers, a set of vertical and longitudinal shock absorbers being positioned in each containment section to absorb at least a portion of shock imparted to the absorbers by movement of and impacts to the vehicle.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein each cell is able to withstand shock loading of no less than 2 gs in the longitudinal direction, no less than about 0.25 gs in the vertical direction, and no less than about 0.1 g lateral acceleration.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein each cell is able to withstand constant vibration loading of no less than 0.00003-in deflection at 100 cycles per second and 0.03-m deflection at 1 cps.
19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of positioning an electrically insulating material between the rack structure and a supporting deck of the vehicle and/or between each cell and a supporting member in the rack structure.
20. The method of claim 11 , further comprising the step of providing a support plate structure, the support plate structure supporting the rack structure and being operable to permit and limit movement of the rack structure relative to the support plate structure.